Trachea, Bronchial Tree and Bronchopulmonary Segments: by Nitisha Gupta

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Trachea ,bronchial tree

and bronchopulmonary
segments
By NITISHA GUPTA
TRACHEA
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
CONTENT BRONCHIAL TREE
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS AND ITS FEATURES
 The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is the large tube
that delivers air from the upper respiratory tract (the nasal passages,
throat, and larynx) to the bronchi (the two large airways that branch
off into each lung)
TRACHEA  The trachea is part of the lower respiratory tract, along with the
lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
 In an adult, the trachea is roughly 4 to 5 inches long (10 to 15cm in
length) and 1 inch in diameter.
 It starts just under the larynx (voice box) and runs down the center of
the chest behind the sternum (breast bone) and in front of the esophagus
 The trachea is connected to the larynx via a ring of cartilage known as
the cricoid cartilage opposite the 6 th cervical vertebra
 As the trachea descends the chest, it is surrounded by 16 to 22 U-shaped
rings of cartilage that hold the windpipe open like scaffolding, allowing
STRUCTURE the flow of air.

 The posterior wall of the trachea is not covered by cartilage and is


composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle. The muscle will flex
and expand when needed, to change the diameter of the trachea.
 The trachea ends at the carina, a ridge of cartilage that separates and
forms the junction into the bronchi
 Lining the trachea are mucosal membranes comprised of epithelial
cells, mucus-secreting goblet cells, and hair-like projections called
cilia that move foreign particles up and out of the airway.

 Within these membranes are submucosal glands, which act as


companions to goblet cells by secreting water molecules and mucin
Membrane (the gel-like component of mucus) onto the tracheal lining.
Composition
 The trachea is traversed by a network of blood vessels and
lymphatic vessels. Blood vessels provide the tissues with oxygen
and nutrients and regulate the exchange of heat within the airway.
The lymphatic vessels help remove infectious microbes on the
surface of the wall of the trachea so they can be isolated and
neutralized by the immune system.
 The trachea serves as the main passageway through which air
passes from the upper respiratory tract to the lungs.
FUNCTION  As air flows into the trachea during inhalation, it is warmed and
moisturized before entering the lungs.
 The trachea divides at the level of the lower border of the 4th thoracic vertebra into primary principal
bronchi, one for each lung.
 The RIGHT PRINCIPAL BRONCHUS is 2.5cm long. It is shorter,wider and more in line with the
trachea than the left principal bronchus.
 Inhaled particles or foreign bodies, therefore, tend to pass more frequently to the right lung, with the
result that infections are more common on the right side than on the left.
 The left principal bronchus is 5 cm. It is longer, narrower and more oblique than the right bronchus.
Right bronchus makes an angle of 25° with tracheal bifurcation, while left bronchus makes an angle of
45° with the trachea.
 Each principal bronchus enters the lung through the hilum, and divides into secondary lobar bronchi,
one for each lobe of the lungs. Thus there are three lobar bronchi on the right side, and only two on the
BRONCHIAL left side
 . Each lobar bronchus divides into tertiary or segmental bronchi, one for each bronchopulmonary
TREE segment; which are 10 on the right side and 9 on the left side.
 The segmental bronchi divide repeatedly to form very small branches called terminal bronchioles.
 Still smaller branches are called respiratory bronchioles .
 Each respiratory bronchiole aerates a small part of the lung known as a pulmonary unit. The respiratory
bronchiole ends in microscopic passages which are termed:
1 Alveolar ducts
2 Atria
3 Air saccules
4 Pulmonary alveoli (Latin small cavity). Gaseous exchanges take place in the alveoli.
 Bronchopulmonary segments are well-defined
anatomical segments aerated by tertiary/segmental
bronchus.
BRONCHOPU  These are pyramidal in shape with apex
LMORY directed towards hilum and base directed towards
SEGMENTS periphery having their own arterial supply; but venous
drainage is shared by adjacent bronchopulmonary
segment
 These are well-defined anatomic, functional and surgical sectors of
the lung.
 Each one is aerated by a tertiary or segmental bronchus.
 Each segment is pyramidal in shape with its apex directed towards
the root of the lung
Features  Each segment has a segmental bronchus, segmental artery,
autonomic nerves and lymph vessels.
 The segmental venules lies in the connective tissue between
adjacent pulmonary units of bronchopulmonary segments.
 During segmental resection, the surgeon works along the
segmental veins to isolate a particular segment
There are 10 bronchopulmonary
segments in the right lung (3 in superior
lobe, 2 in middle lobe, 5 in inferior lobe)
and 9 segments on the left (4 in upper
lobe, 5 in lower lobe).
•Right lung, middle lobe
• Lateral segment [S IV]
• Medial segment [S V]
•Right lung, inferior lobe
• Superior segment (Fowler) [S VI]
• Medial basal segment [S VII]
• Anterior basal segment [S VIII]
• Lateral basal segment [S IX]
•Right lung, superior lobe
• Apical segment [S I]
• Posterior segment [S II]
• Anterior segment [S III]
• Posterior basal segment [S X]
•Left lung, superior lobe
• Apicoposterior segment [S I+II]
• Anterior segment [S III]
• Superior lingular segment [S IV]
• Inferior lingular segment [S V]
•Left lung, inferior lobe
• Superior segment (Fowler)  [S VI]
• Medial basal segment [S VII]
• Anterior basal segment [S VIII]
• Lateral basal segment [S IX]
• Posterior basal segment [S X]
CASH CARDIO
SEMBULINGAM
REFERENCES: BDC- HUMAN ANATOMY

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