Earthquake

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Earthquake

An earthquake is what happens


when two blocks of the earth
suddenly slip past one another.

The surface where they slip is called


the fault or fault plane.
The location below the earth’s
surface where the earthquake starts is
called the hypocenter, and the
location directly above it on the
surface of the earth is called
the epicenter.
Sometimes an earthquake
has foreshocks. These are smaller
earthquakes that happen in the same
place as the larger earthquake that
follows.
The largest, main earthquake is called
the mainshock. Mainshocks always
have aftershocks that follow. These are smaller
earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same
place as the mainshock.

Depending on the size of the mainshock,


aftershocks can continue for weeks, months,
and even years after the mainshock!
Why are there Earthquakes?
The crust and the top of the mantle
make up a thin skin on the surface of
our planet. But this skin is not all in
one piece – it is made up of many pieces
like a puzzle covering the surface of the
earth. Not only that, but these puzzle
pieces keep slowly moving around,
sliding past one another and bumping
into each other.
We call these puzzle pieces tectonic
plates, and the edges of the plates are
called the plate boundaries. The
plate boundaries are made up of
many faults, and most of the
earthquakes around the world occur
on these faults.
Why does the Earth shake when
there is an Earthquake?
blocks finally overcomes
the friction of the jagged edges of
the fault and it unsticks, all that
stored up energy is released. The
energy radiates outward from the
fault in all directions in the form
of seismic waves like ripples on a
pond.
The seismic waves shake the
earth as they move through
it, and when the waves reach
the earth’s surface, they
shake the ground and
anything on it, like our
houses and us.
How are Earthquakes Recorded?

Seismograph
The seismograph has a base that sets firmly
in the ground, and a heavy weight that
hangs free. When an earthquake causes the
ground to shake, the base of the
seismograph shakes too, but the hanging
weight does not.
The size of an earthquake depends on
the size of the fault and the amount
of slip on the fault, but that’s not
something scientists can simply
measure with a measuring tape since
faults are many kilometers deep
beneath the earth’s surface.
The size of the earthquake is called
its magnitude. There is one magnitude
for each earthquake. Scientists also talk
about the intensity of shaking from an
earthquake, and this varies depending on
where you are during the earthquake.
Trivia:

Are Earthquakes Predictable?


No, even Scientists can be able to
predict them. Scientists also tried every
method but so far failed.
Mountain Belts in the Philippines
Mountains and Mountain Belts
Mountains are formed by different
geological processes like the movements of
tectonic plates.

Groups of mountain ranges that are similar


in form, structure and alignment are referred
to as mountain belts.
The highest point is Mt. Apo at 2 954 m
above sea level. The mountain belts in the
country have tropical vegetation but have
no alpine peaks such as those found in
Indonesia and Malaysia since the highest
mountain in the country, Mt. Apo, does
not reach the required elevation to
acquire alpine conditions.
Mountain Ranges in the
Philippines

The most prominent range in the


country is the Central Cordillera,
the central mountain chain of
Luzon which cuts across the north
to the Luzon Strait from the
northern boundary of the central
plain. The Central Cordillera is an
orogen.
An orogen is a belt of Earth’s crust involved in
mountain formation caused by the compression of
ancient sedimentary and igneous terranes. It
encompasses the provinces of Cordillera Administrative
Region including portions of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,
La Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, and Cagayan. It
is considered as one of the highest mountain ranges in
the country. The highest peak is Mt. Pulag which
reaches an elevation of 2,922 meters. It is also
considered as the highest mountain in Luzon and the
third highest in the whole archipelago.
The Sierra Madre Mountain Range is the longest mountain
range in the country. It is one of the oldest orogens in the
archipelago. It runs in the north-south direction from the
provinces of Cagayan to the north and Quezon to the south. It
covers the areas of Aurora, Bulacan, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva
Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Quirino, and Rizal province.
The range’s highest point is still unclear since several peaks
are considered as the highest. For example, Mount Anacuao in
Aurora has a height of 1 850 meters while Mount Cetaceo in
Cagayan has the same altitude as well. In April 2012, Mount
Guiwan in Nueva Vizcaya had a preliminary measurement of 1
915 meters on the summit.
The Caraballo Mountains
- connect Sierra Madre Mountain with the
Central Cordillera. The mountain range is
located in the province of Nueva Vizcaya. It
serves as the location of the headwaters of
Cagayan River which is the longest river in the
country. This mountain arange reaches an
altitude of 1,680
meters.
The Zambales Mountains
- it lies on the western island of Luzon. It is an ophiolite, an
abducted slice of oceanic crust emplaced during subduction. It
separates Luzon’s central plain from the South China Sea. It
extends from western Pangasinan province, the whole length
of Zambales, to the tip of the Bataan Peninsula in the south. Its
most noticeable feature is the Cabusilan Mountain Range
comprised of Mt. Pinatubo, Mount Negron, and Mount
Cuadrado. These mountains are believed to be volcanic in
origin, but the only active volcano in the mountain range is
Mt. Pinatubo. Its highest peak is Mt. Tapulao with a height of
2 037 meters.
The Cordillera Central or
Cordillera Range is a massive
mountain range 320 km (198 miles)
long north-south and 118 km (73
miles) east-west. The Cordillera
mountain range is situated in the
north-central part of the island of
Luzon, in the Philippines.
The Apo–Talomo Range (also known as
Mount Talomo) or Talomo Mountain
Range is a mountain Range located in the
province of Davao del Sur and Cotabato in
the island of Mindanao Philippines. The
highest peak on the range is Mount Apo
9,692 ft (2,954 m) it is the highest
mountain in the Philippines.

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