WHAT IS ELECTION?

 Elections are the process by which

voters in a country select the officials
who will exercise the powers of the
government for a period fixed by law.
They are the principal feature of a
modern democracy.
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
ELECTIONS
 They are political exercise;
 They select officials who shall serve for a definite term or specific
periods;
 They often provide the means for the expression of the popular will;
 The decision of the voters in fair, free, and honest elections cannot
be questioned.
TYPES OF ELECTIONS

 General Election - are those held for the purpose of electing national and local
officials simultaneously.
 National Election - are those conducted to elect the President, Vice President and
members of Congress.
 Local Election - those held for purpose of selecting officials in the region,
provinces, cities and municipalities.
 Special Election – held on a date different from that of regular elections.
Suffrage - is the right and obligation to vote of qualified
citizens in the election of certain national and local officers
of the government and in the decision of public questions
submitted to the people.
 VOTERS QUALIFICATIONS

 Every citizen of the Philippines

 18 years of age or over on the day of the
election
 Resided in the Philippines for one year and
in the city or municipality wherein he or she
proposes to vote for at least six months
immediately preceding the election.
 To exercise the right to vote, the qualified
elector must be registered in the
permanent list of voters for the city or
municipality where he/she resides.
DAY OF ELECTION

 The regular election for President, Vice President, Senators, members of the House
of the Representatives and local officials shall be held on the second Monday of
May. Presidential elections are held every six years. Senate and local elections are
held every three years.
QUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS
1.National Government
a. President and Vice President
• a natural born citizen;
• a registered voter;
• able to read and write;
• at least 40 years of age on the day of the election; and
• a resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years immediately preceding such
election.
 QUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS
b. Senator
• a natural born citizen;
• a registered voter;
• able to read and write;
• at least 35 years of age on the day of the election;
• a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the election.
c. Member of House of Representatives
• a natural born citizen;
• a registered voter;
• able to read and write;
• at least 25 years of age on the day of the election;
• a resident of the district for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the
election;
• except for party list representatives.
QUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS
2.Local Government
a. General qualifications
• he or she must be a citizen of the Philippines;
• he or she must be a registered voter in the barangay, municipality, city, or
province;
• he or she must be a resident therein for at least one year immediately preceding
the day of the election;
• he or she must be able to read and write Filipino or any other local language or
dialect.
QUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS
b. Age Requirements
• candidates for governor, vice governor or member of Sangguniang Panlalawigan or mayor,
vice mayor or Sangguniang Panlungsod of highly urbanized cities must at least be 23
years old on election day;
• candidates for the position of mayor or vice mayor of independent component cities, or
municipalities must be at least 21 years of age on the election day;
• candidates for the position of member of the Sangguniang Panlungsod or Sangguniang
bayan must at least be 18 years old on election day; and
• candidates for the position of Punong Barangay or member of the Sangguniang Barangay
must at least at 18 years of age on election day.
 THE TERM LIMITS OF ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS

 President – has a term of office of six years and is not eligible for reelection.
 Vice President – has a term of six years and cannot run for more than two
successive terms.
 Senator – has a term of six years and cannot run for more than two consecutive
terms.
 Member of House of Representatives – has a term of three years and cannot
run for more than three consecutives.
 Local Officials – has a term of three years and cannot run for more than three
consecutive terms.
 WHO CONDUCTS THE ELECTIONS?

Commission on Elections (COMELEC)

 Section 2 of Article IX of the Constitution gives the
COMELEC the broad power “to enforce and
administer all laws and regulations relative to the
conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative,
referendum and recall”. This provision has given the
COMELEC all the necessary and incidental powers of the
body to achieve the objective of holding free, orderly,
honest, peaceful, and credible elections. The powers and
functions of the COMELEC are conferred upon it by the
1987 Constitution and the omnibus election code.
THE POWERS AND FUNCTION OF
COMELEC

 Administrative Function – enforcement and administration of election laws.

 Quasi-legislative Power – issuance of rules and regulations to implement the
election laws and to exercise such legislative functions as may expressly be
delegated to it by Congress.
 Quasi-judicial Power – embraces the power to resolve controversies arising from
the enforcement of election laws, and to be the sole judge of all pre-proclamation
controversy; and of all contests relating to the elections, returns, and qualifications .
The COMELEC is composed of a chairman and six commissioners who are:
 natural born citizens of the Philippines;
 at least 35 years of age;
 holders of a college degree;
 must not have been candidates for any elective positions in the immediately preceding
elections.
 Majority of the members of the Philippine bar who have been engaged in the practice of
law for at least 10 years.
 The chairman and the commissioners shall be appointed by the President with the
consent of the Commission on Appointments for a term of 7 years without
reappointment.
 Types of Election

 1. General Election - held for the purpose of electing national and local
officials simultaneously.
 2. National Elections- conducted to elect the President, Vice-President and members
of congress
 3. Local Elections - held for purpose of selecting officials in the Region,
 provinces, cities and municipalities.
 4. Special Elections – held on a date different from that of regular election.
 Rules Governing Elections in the Philippines

 The supervision of the elections in the Philippines is under the charge of the
Commission on elections (COMELEC).
  In the process of supervising the conducts of elections, the COMELEC is
guided by the rules governing elections as started in the provisions of Republic Act. No.
7166.
  Elections on Campaign Period- campaign period for the President, Vice
President and Senators is 90 days before the election and 45 days before the
day of election for members of the House of Representatives.
 The supervision of the elections in the Philippines is under the charge
of the Commission on elections (COMELEC).
  In the process of supervising the conducts of elections, the
COMELEC is
guided by the rules governing elections as started in the provisions of
Republic Act. No. 7166.
  Elections on Campaign Period- campaign period for the President,
Vice
President and Senators is 90 days before the election and 45 days before
the
day of election for members of the House of Representatives.
 Filling of Certificate of candidacy- the certificate of an
individual running
 for national elections is required to be filed at the main
office of the
 COMELEC not later than the day prior to the beginning to
the campaign
 period.
  Precincts and Polling Places-every barangay is required
to have at least
 one election precinct, with each precinct having not more
than 300 votes.
 Registrations of voters – it is held on the 5th Saturday prior to the
day of election for those who are to reach 18 years of age or before
the day of
 election and for those qualifies to cast their vote but not included in
the list of voters.
 Common Poster Area – the COMELEC is empowered to designate
common poster areas in the barangay where candidates can post
their election propaganda announcing their candidacy.
  Official Watchers- every political party and candidate is entitled
to one watcher in every polling place and canvassing center.
 Board of Election Inspectors- is constituted by a
chairman to one watcher
in every polling place and canvassing center.
  Board of Canvassers- in every province, city
and municipality, a board of
canvassers is constituted and composed of provincial
election supervisor.
In order for voters to be familiar the candidates in an
election, there would be campaign. A campaign is an act
designed to promote the election or defeat of a
particular candidate or candidates to a public office.
Candidates in an election need to follow the rules of
election otherwise they will be disqualified. Any election
campaign or partisan political activity for or against any
candidate outside of the campaign period is called
premature campaigning.
 The period of campaigning

 90 days – Presidential and Vice Presidential election

 45 days – Election of the members of the Congress and local election
 15 days – Barangay Election
 45 days – Special Election
The Board of Election Inspectors is responsible for facilitation
election for each precinct. The Board is composed of the
following: Chairman, Poll Clerk and Two members, each
representing two parties.
 WHAT IS POLITICAL PARTY?

 Political party refers to an organized

group of citizens advocating an ideology
or platform, principles, and policies for
the general conduct of government and
which, as the most immediate means of
ensuring their adoption, regularly
nominates and supports some of its
leaders and members as candidates for
public office.
POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1.During Malolos Republic – there were no political parties when the Malolos republic was
founded. The delegates to the Malolos congress were all Aguinaldo appointees. Aguinaldo
cabinet, called the “ council of government, “ did not belong to any party because according to
Mabini, the cabinet “ belongs to no party, nor does it desire to form one; it stands for nothing
save the interest of the fatherland.”

2.During the American Colonial Rule – in pursuit of preparing the Filipino for self-rule, the
Americans gave them an opportunity to run for candidacy in the lower house called the
“Philippine Assembly” of the American Civil Government in the Philippines. Filipinos were
allowed to form political parties;
a. Federal Party – Trinidad Pardo de Tavera founded the
Federal Part whose platform was based on the annexation of
the Philippines as one of the states of the united states of
America. Basically, it favors the American rule.
b. Nacionalista Party – Manuel
Quezon and Sergio Osmeña
founded this part which opposes
the platform of the Federal Party
and campaigned for the immediate
independence of the Philippines.
c. Sakdal Party – It was led by former
nacionalista member Benigno Ramos
which campaigned for complete and
immediate independence from the United
States of the America to reduce crippling
and heavy taxation. It was able to win
some local posts and challenge the
domination of the nacionalista party.
d. Communist Party of the Philippines- It was established for the first
time in Manila by Crisanto Evangelista in an attempt to integrate the
theory of Marxism- Leninism with the concrete condition of the
Philippines. This radical party has traditionally boycotted falls although
some left – leaning parties began participating in elections after Corazon
Aquino rose to power.
e. Liberal Party – It was formed by
Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and Jose
Avelino after Roxas won the election. It
adopted liberalism as its main ideology
and campaigned for freedom, justice and
solidarity (bayanihan).
3. After the Colonial Rule - More political parties were formed many years
after we gained independence from America. Here are some examples:

a. Kilusang Bagong Lipunan -

It was the all-powerful political
party during the martial law
period. KBL was formed by
Ferdinand Marcos, a former
liberal party member. It
dominated politics, although
there were some holdouts. It
supports authoritarianism.
b. Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban) - It is
a party founded by Teodoro Macapagal, Rodrigo Duterte, and Nene
Pimentel which was formed by merging Partido Demokratiko Pilipino and
Lakas ng Bayan. PDP was formed as a response against the authoritarian
government of Ferdinand Marcos, the 10th President of the Philippines,
and the then-ruling Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL). It campaigns for
demacratic socialism.
c. Laban ng Demokratikong
Pilipino - It was formed as a result
of PDP-Laban splitting into two
factions: the Pimentel Wing of
Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. and the
Cojuangco Wing of Jose "Peping"
Cojuangco. Jr.. The Cojuangco Wing
and the Lakas ng Bansa party of
Speaker Mitra merged in 1988 to
form the Laban ng Demokratikong
Pilipino party while the Pimentel
Wing remained as the PDP-Laban
party. It is characterized by
advocating the principles of
democracy or social equality by
representing ideas that are beneficial
to the people at large.
 The party list system in the Philippines is a mechanism of proportional
representation in the election of the representatives to the House of Representatives
from national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations or coalitions thereof
registered with the COMELEC. The seats allocated to partylist groups constitute to
20% of the total number of the members of the house of representatives, including the
seeds under the party-list system.
 1. Qualified Groups - There are three different groups may participate in the party list
system:
a. National party/organization/coalition - Any party with constituency that spreads
over the geographical territory of at least a majority of the regions.
b. Regional party - Any party with constituency that spreads over the geographical
territory of at least a majority of the cities and provinces comprising the region.
c. Sectoral party - An organized group of citizens whose principal advocacy pertains to
the special interests and concerns of the following sector; labor, fisher folk, indigenous
cultural communities, elderly, handicrafts, women, youth, overseas workers, and
professionals
 2. Ways to Participate - To participate in the party-list system, a party must
register and manifest its desire to participate with the COMELEC not later
than 90 days before the election. If the party is already registered, it only
needs to conform at the COMELEC of its intention to participate in the party-
list system within the aforementioned period.

 3. Determining the Winners - To obtain a seat in the House of

Representative, the party must obtain at least 2% of the total votes cast for the
party list system. If a party contains more than 2% of the votes it shall be
entitled to additional seats in proportion to their total number of votes.
However, a party is not allowed more than three seats.
 4. Nomination of Representatives - The party shall nominate its
representative to the house of representatives. The nominee should be a
natural bom citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, a resident of the
Philippines for at least one year immediately preceding the day of the
election, able to read and write, a bona fide member of the party or
organization which he seeks to represent for at least 90 days preceding the
day of the election. For parties representing the youth sector, however, the
nominees should not be more than 30 years old on the day of the election
period. Under the party-list system act, the elected party-list representative
for fits the seat when he or she changes party or sectoral representation. A
member of a party who changes affiliation shall not be eligible for
nomination under the new party or organization when the change was
done within six months before the election.
TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTY
SYSTEM

1. One-party system - is a form of government where

the country is ruled by a single political party, meaning
only one political party exists and the forming of other
political parties is forbidden.
2. Two-party system - is a political party system in
which two major political parties consistently
dominate the political landscape.
3. Multi-party system - is
a political system in which
multiple political parties
across the political
spectrum run for national
elections, and all have the
capacity to gain control of
government offices,
separately or in coalition.
SEAT WORK : PICTOPINION
Analyze the following images and answer the guide questions below. Print the images and paste in
your notebook.
SEAT WORK B NAME the political Parties in the
Philippines. Copy and Answer.