Basic Civil Engg-Part 1

Basic Civil Engineering
Linear and Angular Measurements

Principles of surveying, Classification of surveys, Chain
Surveying, Introduction to metric chain and tapes, error in
chaining, nominal scale and R.F., ranging, chaining and
offsetting, index plan, location sketch and recording of field book,
Chain and compass survey, Meridian, bearing and its types,
system of bearing, Types of compass: prismatic and surveyor's
compass. Calculation of included angles, correction for local
attraction.
. 1
Surveying
•It is defined as an art of determining the relative
positions of the object on the earth’s surface by
taking measurements either linear or angular in the
horizontal and vertical plane.
• The term surveying is the representation of

surface features in a horizontal plane.
• The process of determining the relative heights in

the vertical plane is referred as leveling.
. 2
Objectives of Surveying
• The data obtained by surveying are used to prepare the
plan or map showing the ground features.
• When the area surveyed is small and the scale to which

its result plotted is large, then it is known as Plan
• When the area surveyed is large and the scale to which

its result plotted is small, then it is called as a Map
•Setting out of any engineering work like buildings, roads,

railway tracks, bridges and dams involves surveying
. 3
Main divisions of surveying
Types of Surveying
•Plane surveying
• Geodetic surveying
Concept:
•Since the shape of the earth is spheroidal, the
line connecting any two points on the earth
surface is not a straight line, but a curve.
• When the surveys extend over a large areas or
when the accuracy required is great, the curvature
of earth has also to be taken into account.
. 4
Plane Surveying
• The surveying where the effect of curvature of
earth is neglected and earth’s surface is treated as
plane, is called surveying.
• The degree of accuracy in this type of surveying
is comparatively low.
• Generally when the surveying is conducted over
the area less than 260 Sq.Km., they are treated as
plane surveying.
• Plane surveying is conducted for the purpose of
engineering projects.
. 5
Geodetic Surveying
• The effect of curvature is taken into account.
• It is also known as “Trigonometrical Surveying”.
• It is a special branch of surveying in which
measurements are taken with high precision
instruments.
• Calculations are also made with help of spherical
trigonometry.
• It is generally adopted by the Great
Trigonometrical Survey Department of India”.
(GTS).
. 6
Classification of surveying
Classification of surveying:
Based on nature of the field survey-
1.Land survey
2.Marine survey
3.Hydro graphic survey
4.Tunnel survey
5.Astronomical survey
Based on the object of survey -
1.Archaeological survey
2.Geological survey
3.Mine survey
. 7
Classification of surveying
Classification of surveying:
Based on method employed in survey
1.Triangulation survey
2.Traverse survey
Based on instrument employed

1.Chain survey
2.Compass survey
3.Plane table survey
4.Levelling
5.Theodolite survey
. 8
Principles of Surveying
Principle 1:
• A number of control points are fixed in the area
concerned by adopting very accurate and precise
methods.
• The lines joining these control points will be
control lines.
• Other measurements are made to locate points
inside these control lines.
• Thus, main triangles and traverses are formed
first.
. 9
Principle 1: To work from whole to part
• The main triangles and traverses are divided into
smaller ones by using less rigorous methods.
• By doing so, accumulation of errors is avoided
and any local error can be easily identified.
• If survey work is started from a part (smaller
triangle or traverse) and proceeded to whole there
are chances of errors getting multiplied at every
stage.
• Hence any survey work should be from whole
to part and not from part to whole.
. 10
C
D E
A G F B
. 11
Principle 2:
• New points should be fixed by atleast two
independent measurements.
R
R R
l1
l1 l2
θ1 θ2 θ1
P Q P Q Q
P
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
. 12
Principle 2:
• As per the Principle 2, the location of a new
point involves one of the following.
(a) Measurement of two distances.
(b) Measurement of two angles
(c) Measurement one angle and one distance
. 13
R R R
l1
l1 l2
θ1 θ2 θ1
P Q P Q P Q
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
Fig 1: It shows the method of locating R with reference to known length PQ by

using the known distances of PR (l1) and QR (l2)
Fig 2: It shows the method of locating R with reference to the length PQ by using
the known angles QPR (θ1) and PQR (θ2)
Fig 3: It shows the method of locating R with reference to known length PQ by

using the known distance of PR (l1) and known angle QPR (θ1)
. 14
Linear Measurement
Linear Measurement
Direct Method Indirect Method
EDM,
Rough Method Accurate Method
Tacheometer
Chaining
Passometer Odometer Speedometer
. 15
Chain Survey
•Chaining:- it is the measurement of horizontal
distance on ground with the help of chains & tapes.
•In chain surveying only linear distances on the
field are measured.
• These distances are used to define the boundary
of field and mark simple details.
Principle :
• It is to form a network of triangles by using the
distances measured.
• Better accuracy will be obtained if the triangles
thus formed are nearly equilateral in shape.
. 16
Chain Survey
. 17
Accessories used in Chain Surveying
Metric surveying chain
. 18
Metric surveying chain
. 19
Unfolding and folding of chain
• Both the handles of the chain are held in the left hand and
the other portions in the right hand.
• The portion held in the right hand is thrown forward;
• The person throwing moving backward himself.
• The leader takes one handle of the chain and moves forward
till the chain is stretched to its full length.
• The chain should be free from any kinks or bends.
• After the completion of the work, the two handles are
brought together and the chain is folded with the middle pair.
• The links are placed obliquely across each pair.
• The folded chain is securely tied with a rope
. 20
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Basic Civil Engineering

Linear and Angular Measurements

• The term surveying is the representation of

• The process of determining the relative heights in

• When the area surveyed is small and the scale to which

• When the area surveyed is large and the scale to which

•Setting out of any engineering work like buildings, roads,

Based on instrument employed

Fig 1: It shows the method of locating R with reference to known length PQ by

Fig 3: It shows the method of locating R with reference to known length PQ by

Direct Method Indirect Method

Passometer Odometer Speedometer

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