1920 GI Hormones

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GI Hormones

Gastrin
Polypeptide present in several forms
3 biologically active forms:
“Big” = 34 amino acids
‘Little” = 17 amino acids
“Mini” = 14 amino acids
All active forms have same c-terminal 5 chain a. a

Release
Released from G cells in stomach and duodenum
Also present in CNS e.g. pituitary gland, hypothalamus
Gastrin - Release
 Stimuli
 Protein digestion products
 Nervous, physical distention
 Calcium, coffee and wine

 Inhibition
 Acidification of antrum- decreased pH
 Somatostatin
Gastrin Action

Stimulates Acid Secretion by Gastric Mucosa


Stimulates growth of parietal cells of the Gastric Mucosa
Stimulates Mucosal blood flow
Stimulates Pepsin Release
Gastrinoma - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

• Gastrin secreting tumor


- Non-beta cell tumor of pancreas (80%)
- G-cell tumors in duodenum (10-15%)
- Continually secretes gastrin into blood

• Symptoms
- Duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, steatorrhea, hypokalemia

- Increased parietal cell mass


- Constant stimulation of hyperplastic mucosa
Cholecystokinin
Polypeptide, different forms including: 58, 39, 33, & 8 aa
8 amino acid form has full biological potency

Secreted by I cells mainly in duodenum & jejunum distal.

Secretion Stimulated By
 Fatty acids or AAs in the duodenum
 +ve feedback between CCK secretion and its stimulus

Secretion Inhibited By
Somatostatin
CCK - Physiological Effects
 Emptying of gallbladder
 Contracts gallbladder, relaxes sphincter of Oddi

 Effect on Pancreatic Exocrine Function


 Potent stimulator of enzyme secretion

 Inhibits gastric emptying

 Trophic effects - exocrine pancreas and gallbladder mucosa

 Induces satiety
Secretin
• 29AA peptide released from S-cells of duodenal mucosa

• Stimuli for release


- Acid in duodenum (pH <4.5)
- Fatty acids in duodenum

• Physiological effects - “Nature’s Antiacid”


- Inhibits gastric acid secretion
- Stimulates pancreatic and bile bicarbonate secretion
- Stimulates pepsin secretion
- Trophic effect on exocrine pancreas
- May have role in control of food intake
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

• Chemistry - Member of secretin


family
- 9 AA identical to secretin

• Stimuli / release -
- Released from duodenum and proximal
jejunum
- All major foodstuffs

• Physiological effects -
- Stimulates insulin release (also
called glucose-dependent
insulinotrophic peptide - GIP)
- Inhibits gastric acid secretion
Motilin

• Chemistry - 22 AA peptide
• Stimuli / release -
- Released from duodenum and proximal
jejunum during fasting at 100 min
intervals
- Release is under neural control

• Physiological effects -
- Stimulates upper G.I. motility
- Accounts for the migrating motility
complex, “ housekeeping contractions”
Somatostatin
 14 & 28 amino acid forms.

 Found in hypothalamus, throughout CNS and Gut (including pancreas)

 Major inhibitory peptide of Gut. Inhibits secretion of


insulin
glucagon
CCK
secretin
gastrin
VIP
somatostatin (autocrine)
Glucagon Like Peptide-1
(GLP-1)
 Produced by digestive tract.
 Acts to give feeling of satiety
 Inhibits gastric emptying
 Inhibits glucose absorption from the gut
 Increases insulin secretion
 Increases pancreatic β-cell mass

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