Textile Fibers Sources and Their Properties 2

TEXTILES
FIBER SOURCE AND PROPERTIES

(CELLULOSIC FIBERS)
FIBER CLASSIFICATION
NATURAL PLANT FIBERS
• Plant fibers also called Common Properties
vegetable or cellulosic fibers • Good absorbency
are obtained from fibrous
bundles within the plant. • Poor resilience
These fibers are classified • Good conductor of
according to the part of the electricity
plant from which they come: • Flammable
• Seed: cotton, coir, kapok
• Attacked by mildew
• Stem (Bast): flax, hemp, jute,
ramie, kenaf
• May be damaged by
• Leaf: abaca, pina, sisal, silverfish
henequen • Damaged by strong acids
Cotton
• Cotton is the most widely used natural fibre. It
is a seed fibre obtained from the boll of the
cotton plant. Its major producers are U.S. ,
China , India, Pakistan. Cotton’s properties
make it suitable for warm weather clothing,
upholstery , household linens,
bags and a whole range of textiles
Production Process
• How To Make Jeans
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=201B82SoXYI
• How Cotton Processing in Factory, Cotton Cultivation
- Cotton Farming and Harvest
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BofeiKsE5pU
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/15570324/
Textile-Fibres-Classificationppt
• How denim fabrics are made
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO_T0vT2J94
COTTON PRODUCTION
• Picking: the cotton boll is picked by machine
• Ginning: the removal of fibers (lint) from the seeds. The very
short fibers 1/8” are called linters.
• Baling: the fibers are pressed into bales for the spinning mills.
• Cleaning: removing impurities
• Carding : separating the fibers and removing the short ones.
Forming a loose rope of fibers called a sliver
• Combing: laying the fibers side by side and in one direction.
• Spinning : stretching and twisting fibres into continuous
lengths of threads called yarns
• Weaving: yarns are made into cloth
Physical Properties
Physical structure
• Staple Length
• Distinctive parts
• Ribbon like twist
• Creamy white
• Varying finesse
• Creamy white, brown,
green
Mechanical Properties Chemical Properties
• Moderately strong. Gets • Very Absorbent
stronger when wet • Destroyed by bleach
• Mercerization improves • Not harmed by strong
lustre and strength alkalis
• Wrinkles easily • Scorches with high
• Poor elastic recovery ironing temperatures
• Moderate dimensional • Flammable
stability • Conducts electricity
COTTON TRADEMARK
This signifies 100% cotton fabric and apparel
CARE OF COTTON FABRICS
• Machine wash with strong detergent and
controlled bleach
• Hot water may fade colored cotton but safe on
whites
• Shrinkage may occur if not preshrunk
• Moderately resists sunlight
• Store, clean and dry to avoid mildew
• Silverfish attack starched cotton.
COTTON FABRICS
Some common cotton fabrics include;
Calico , seersucker, gingham, voile, net,
organdie, denim, corduroy, toweling, sheeting,
drill
OTHER SEED FIBRES
Coir: obtained from the husk of the coconut

Properties: stiff, cinnamon brown colour, good
abrasion, wiry texture
Uses: rugs, doormats, brushes, rope,
Kapok: obtained from the seed of kapok tree or
silk cotton tree.
Properties: lightweight, soft, hollow, buoyant
Uses: filling in life jackets, pillows, padding
BAST FIBERS
• These are fibres obtained from the stems of
plants. The production of these fibers is time
consuming and labour intensive. As a result
some bast fibers can be expensive. The flax
and ramie fibers are the most commonly
produced bast fibre.
LINEN
Linen is one of the oldest fibers .It is produced in
Europe ; Holland Belgium France Russia and
New Zealand. Linseed oil is obtained from the
seeds of the flax plant. Linen is best known for
its strength and low pilling and linting
properties. The term linen refers to fabric
made from flax
LINEN PRODUCTION
• The plant is pulled up from the ground
• Rippling: remove leaves and seeds
• Retting: Separate the fibres from the outer covering and
other woody parts
• Scutching: cleaning of fibers
• Hackling: combing out and straightening of fibres and
separating long fibres(line) from short fibres(tow)
• Spinning : stretching and twisting fibers into continuous
lengths of threads called yarns
• Weaving: yarns are made into cloth
FLAX YARNS
LINEN PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Off white colour
• Average length 6”-20”
• Horizontal markings called joints or nodes.
• Natural lustre
• Mechanical Properties
• Very strong ,Stronger when wet
• Good abrasion resistant
• Tends to abrade where folded
• Poor resilience and elastic recovery
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• High absorbency
• Good wicking ability
• Acids deteriorate flax
• Can withstand very high ironing temperatures
• Flammable
• Does not build static electricity
• Low elongation, poor elasticity
CARE OF LINEN
• Machine wash with strong detergent and
controlled bleach
• Hot water may fade coloured cotton but safe
on whites
• Dry clean to reduce shrinkage and retain colour
• Resists sunlight more than cotton
• Store, clean and dry to avoid mildew
• Silverfish attack starched linen
LINEN FABRICS
Linen is used for clothing , household linens,
window treatments, wall hangings , bags,
luggage etc..
Some linen fabrics include; Damask, suiting,
handkerchief linen, canvas, brocade, drill,
huckaback, tapestry, tarpaulin,
BASTE FIBRES
Jute: Kenaf:
A weak fiber with poor A long , soft fiber used for
elasticity and elongation , twine cordage and other
low sunlight resistance, industrial uses.
poor colourfastness. Used
for bagging, carpet backing,
furnishings , rope and cord.
BASTE FIBRES
Ramie Hemp
Also known a grass cloth; A minor fiber with high
produced in China, strength, not pliable or
Philippines , Brazil. elastic. Used for twine and
Properties : irregular fibre , cord.
long, lustrous, fine, strong,
abrasion resistant, good
absorbency, stiff, poor
resiliency and elongation.
Uses: apparel, furnishings,
industrial use.

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TEXTILES

FIBER SOURCE AND PROPERTIES

Coir: obtained from the husk of the coconut

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