Immunization and Vaccines

IMMUNIZATION
MAIGA AYUB HUSSEIN

Ms-Epidemiology, ADHSM, M&E,
GCP, BScN
PASSIVE AND ACTIVE IMMUNITY
• Passive Immunization
• Methods of acquisition include natural maternal antibodies,
antitoxins, and immune globulins
• Protection transferred from another person or animal
• Active Immunization
• Methods of acquisition include natural infection, vaccines
(many types), and toxoids
• Relatively permanent
Acquisition of Passive and Active Immunity
Passive Immunization
• Can occur naturally via transfer of maternal antibodies across
placenta to fetus
•
• Injection with preformed antibodies
• Human or animal antibodies can be used
• Injection of animal Ab’s prevalent before vaccines
• Effects are only temporary

• The transfer of antibodies will not trigger the immune system
• There is NO presence of memory cells

Active Immunization
• Natural Infection with
microorganism or artificial
acquisition (vaccine)
• Both stimulate the

proliferation of T and B cells,
resulting in the formation of
effector and memory cells
• The formation of memory

cells is the basis for the
relatively permanent effects
of vaccinations
Herd Immunity
• Majority of population is immune, so chance of susceptible individual contacting

infected individual is low
E.G. Measles Epidemic.
• Factors affecting herd immunity
– Environmental Factors: crowded conditions, seasonal variations
– Strength of Individual’s Immune System
– Infectiousness of Disease: greater the risk of infection, the higher percentage

of people need vaccines to attain herd immunity
• When enough people are vaccinated, chance of germ infecting the non-
immunized population is small
• Can lead to disappearance of diseases (smallpox)

– Vaccination no longer necessary
Why is immunization important?
• From birth, a child should be immunized with

vaccines, which are either injected into the
body or given orally.
• Immunization helps protect the child against
infectious diseases that can cause illness or
death. These include: Tuberculosis, Diphtheria,
Whooping cough, Tetanus, Polio, Hepatitis B,
Haemophilus influenza, Pneumonia, Measles
and Rotavirus
CONT:
• At nine months, Vitamins A is given to the
child to ensure they develop strong immunity
against all diseases.
• All pregnant women and their newborns need
to be protected against tetanus. Even if a
woman was immunized earlier, she needs to
check with a trained health worker for advice
on tetanus toxoid immunization.
Immunization schedule for children under one year
Here are the benefits of immunization
• It strengthens a child’s ability to fight diseases.
• It reduces the chances of children suffering from childhood immunisable
diseases.
• It protects children from liver disease and cancer of the cervix in girls, in later
years of their life.
• It prevents complications such as lameness and blindness in children.
• It reduces the burden/costs on parents/caregivers and communities in terms
of time and money spent on treatment. This contributes to socio-economic
development.
• It contributes to a child’s proper growth and development.
• It protects the entire community from childhood vaccine preventable diseases.
• It protects the mother and her unborn baby from Tetanus.
• Once a child is immunized, he/she is protected against vaccine preventable
diseases for his/her entire life.
• Makes children healthy and strong to serve and fulfil their God given purpose
VACCINE TYPES
• Whole-Organism
– Attenuated Viral/Bacterial
– Inactivated Viral/Bacterial
• Purified Macromolecules
– Polysaccharide
– Toxoid
– Recombinant Antigen
– Recombinant-Vector
• DNA
• Synthetic Peptide
• Multivalent Subunit
Vaccine Types
Live Attenuated Virus (LAV) Vaccines
• Live attenuated virus vaccines are based on

viruses that have been weakened in a laboratory
so that they do not proliferate well in a host. This
allows the host time to generate an immune
response in the absence of serious disease. Since
attenuated viruses most closely resemble the
wild pathogen, this type of vaccine stimulates a
strong immune response and provides robust
immunity.
• Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LIVE
ATTENUATED VACCINE
• Prolonged immune-system exposure
• Single immunizations
• Replication within host cells
DISADVANATAGE
• MAJOR disadvantage is possible reversion
• ex: Rate of reversion of Sabin Polio vaccine is one case in 4 million doses
• Presence of other viruses as contaminants
• Unforeseen post vaccine complications

Inactivated (Killed) Antigen Vaccines
• Inactivated antigen vaccines contain killed

bacteria or inactivated viruses that cannot
proliferate. Since they contain all the chemical
motifs of the live pathogen, they stimulate the
adaptive immune system to react, but they
are not as effective as live attenuated vaccines
and require multiple doses. They are,
however, safer and more stable products.
Attenuation vs. Inactivation
Subunit and Toxoid (Inactivated Toxin) Vaccines
• Subunit and toxoid vaccines do not contain

any microbes at all. The subunit antigen is a
protein or a carbohydrate found on the
surface of the pathogen. The immune system
is therefore triggered to just recognize that
one part of an invading pathogen. These
vaccines often require multiple doses to be
effective.
RNA-Based Vaccines
• RNA-based vaccines are a relatively recent development,
but they are the subject of significant research interest due
to their accelerated development timelines relative to other
vaccines.
• Scientists sequence the genome of a viral pathogen and
determine which sections code for proteins that could
make a good antigen.
• They then produce mRNA—genetic material that codes for
that protein—purify it, and formulate it as a vaccine. On
administration, the subject’s cellular machinery translates
the mRNA into the protein antigen in vivo.
• An RNA-based approach is being used by several of the
groups developing COVID-19 vaccines.
Sources of Antigen
• Whole viral and bacterial antigens are grown in
highly controlled lab cultures and require
substantial purification.
• Sub-unit protein antigens are usually derived from
yeast cells that have been genetically modified.
• RNA is produced in a lab by advanced chemical
synthesis techniques and often encapsulated in
lipidic or polymeric particles to protect the
molecule within the body.
PHYSICAL BARRIERS PREVENTING
ENTRY OF PATHOGENS IN OUR BODIES

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IMMUNIZATION

MAIGA AYUB HUSSEIN

• Effects are only temporary

• There is NO presence of memory cells

• Both stimulate the

• The formation of memory

• Majority of population is immune, so chance of susceptible individual contacting

– Strength of Individual’s Immune System

– Infectiousness of Disease: greater the risk of infection, the higher percentage

• Can lead to disappearance of diseases (smallpox)

• From birth, a child should be immunized with

• Live attenuated virus vaccines are based on

• Replication within host cells

• Presence of other viruses as contaminants

• Unforeseen post vaccine complications

• Inactivated antigen vaccines contain killed

• Subunit and toxoid vaccines do not contain

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