L7 – Design for Drift and Lateral Stability

Disusun Oleh:
Kelompok 4

Erriman Manru – 2006545673

Ida Royana Tambunan – 2006545912
Sarah Fatihah Nugroho - 2006546253
OUTLINE
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. THE NEED FOR DRIFT DESIGN
7.3. DRIFT, P-DELTA, AND LATERAL STABILITY
7.4. PRACTICAL SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
7.5. DRIFT DESIGN PROCEDURES
7.6. SEISMIC CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRIFT AND P-DELTA ANALYSIS

2
Introduction

The relative lateral displacement of buildings is

sometimes measured by an overall drift ratio or index,
which is the ratio of maximum lateral displacement to
the height of the building. More commonly, however,
an interstory drift ratio, angle, or index is used, which
is defined as the ratio of the relative displacement of a
particular floor to the story height at that level

3
 Structural Stability
Scholl emphasizing the fact that the potential for drift related damage is highly variable, and is dependent on the
structural and nonstructural detailing provided by the designer, has proposed the following generalization of
damage potential in relationship to the interstory drift index δ:
1. at δ = 0.001 ; nonstructural damage is probable
2. at δ = 0.002 ; nonstructural damage is likely
3. at δ = 0.007 ; nonstructural damage is relatively certain and structural damage is likely
4. at δ = 0.015 ; nonstructural damage is certain and structural damage is likely

Human Comfort

Human comfort and motion perceptibility, which are of importance in the design of structures for wind induced
motions, are relatively insignificant in seismic design, where the primary objective is to limit damage and prevent
loss of life.
Some investigators have studied the behavior of building occupants during strong ground motions (7-4, 7-5, 7-6).
Such studies can provide owners, architects, and hazard mitigation authorities, with valuable guidelines for
considering these human factors in planning, design, and operation of building structures.

4
DRIFT, P-DELTA, AND LATERAL STABILITY
The Concept of Lateral Stability

Figure a shows the load-deflection behavior of this

ideal column. It is important to notice that when the
magnitude of axial force exceeds Pcr, there are two
possible paths of equilibrium: one along the original
path, with no lateral displacements, and one with
lateral displacements

When a frame under constant gravity load is subjected to

slowly increasing lateral loads, the lateral displacement of
the system slowly increases, until it reaches a stage that in
order to maintain static equilibrium a reduction in the
gravity or lateral loads is necessary (Figure b). This
corresponds to the region with negative slope on the force-
displacement diagram. If the loads are not reduced, the
system will fail.
5
DRIFT, P-DELTA, AND LATERAL STABILITY
The Concept of Lateral Stability

When the same frame is subjected to earthquake ground motion,

reaching the negative slope region of the load-displacement
diagram, does not necessarily imply failure of the system (see
Figure 7-3).
In fact, it has been shown that in the case of repeated loads with
direction reversals, such as those caused by earthquake ground
motion, the load capacity of the system will be significantly larger
than the stability load for the same system subjected to uni-
directional monotonic loads(7-1, 7-8).
Perhaps this is one reason for scarcity of stability-caused building
failures during earthquakes.

6
DRIFT, P-DELTA, AND LATERAL STABILITY
P-Delta Analysis

In conventional first-order structural analysis, the equilibrium equations are formulated for the
undeformed shape of the structure. However, when a structure undergoes deformation, it carries the
applied loads into a deformed state along with it (Fig. 7-4). The changes in position of the applied forces
are cumulative in nature and cause additional second-order forces, moments, and displacements which
are not accounted for in a first-order analysis. Studies(7-16) have shown that the single most important
second-order effect is the P-delta effect. Figure 7-5 illustrates the P delta effect on a simple cantilever
column. 7
DRIFT, P-DELTA, AND LATERAL STABILITY
Factors Affecting Lateral Stability

Wynhoven and Adamsstudied the effects of asymmetry and torsion

on the ultimate load carrying capacity of a 24 story frame-shear
wall building with typical plan and elevation layouts as shown in
Figures 7-6 and 7-7. The behavior of individual members was
idealized as elastic-perfectly plastic. To consider the influence of
torsion on the load carrying capacity of the structure, two
asymmetric models were constructed by moving the shear-wall
couple from grid lines three and four, to grid lines four and five in
one model, and to grid lines five and six in another model
8
DRIFT, P-DELTA, AND LATERAL STABILITY
Factors Affecting Lateral Stability

Load-displacement diagrams for the three

configurations are shown in Figure 7-8, where λ
is the ratio of the ultimate lateral loads to the
working stress lateral loads. Gravity loads were
not changed. Reduction in the ultimate lateral
load carrying capacity due to induced asymmetry
proved to be drastic (51% in one case and 66% in
the other case).

9
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
The Effective Length Factor Method

10
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Approximate Buckling Analysis

11
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Approximate Buckling Analysis

12
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Approximate Buckling Analysis

13
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Approximate P-Delta Analysis

Three methods for approximate P-delta analysis Iterative P-Delta Method The iterative P delta
of building structures are presented in this method(7-16, 7-24, 7-25, 7-26) is based on the
section: the iterative P-delta method; the direct simple idea of correcting first-order
P-delta method; and the negative bracing displacements, by adding the P-delta shears to
member method. All three methods are shown the applied story shears. Since P-delta effects are
to be capable of providing accurate estimates of cumulative in nature, this correction and
P-delta effects. subsequent reanalysis should be performed
iteratively until convergence is achieved. At each
cycle of iteration a modified set of story shears
are defined as:

14
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
EXAMPLE 7-1 Iterative P-delta Method

For the 10 story moment resistant steel frame shown in Figure

7-14, modify the firstorder lateral displacements to include the
Pdelta effects by using the Iterative P-delta Method. The
computed first-order lateral displacements and story drifts for
the frame are shown in Table 7-1. The tributary width of the
frame is 30 ft. The gravity load is 100 psf on the roof and 120 psf
on typical floors. Use center-to-center dimensions.

15
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
EXAMPLE 7-1 Iterative P-delta Method

The calculations for this example using the iterative P-delta

method are presented in Tables 7-2 and 7-3. The convergence
was achieved in two cycles of iteration. Table 7-3 also shows
results obtained by an "exact" P-delta analysis let us consider
the bent at the 8th level of the frame. The story height (h) is 12
feet (144 in.), the total gravity force at this level (ΣP) is 612 kips,
the story shear (ΣV) is 71.74 kips, and the first-order story drift is
0.785 inches (see Table 7-1).

16
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
EXAMPLE 7-1 Iterative P-delta Method

17
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
EXAMPLE 7-1 Direct P-Delta Method

18
PRACTICAL SECONDORDER ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
EXAMPLE 7-1 Direct P-Delta Method

19
 Example 7.2

For the 10 story frame of Example 7-1 compute the second-order displacements and story drifts by the direct P-delta method. The calculations using the direct
P-delta method are shown in Table 7-4. For example, for the first floor which has a story height of 15 feet (180 inches), the story shear is 142.31 kips, the
total gravity force is 2124 kips, and the first-order drift is 0.765 inches.

The magnification factor and the second-order displacement are:

A comparison with the exact results (Figures 7-15 and 7-16)

reveals the remarkable accuracy of this simple technique.

20
7.4.3 Approximate P-delta Analysis
Negative Bracing Member Method

The negative bracing member method, which was first introduced by

Nixon, Beaulieu and Adams, provides a direct estimate of the P-Delta
effect via any standard first-order analysis program. Fictitious bracing
members with negative areas are inserted (Figure 7-17) to model the
stiffness reduction due to the P-delta effect.

The cross sectional area of the negative braces for each floor level can be
obtained by a simple analogy to the Hooke’s law (F=KΔ). By equating the
brace stiffness to –ΣP/h, the required area of the equivalent negative
brace is obtained:

It is important to note that, due to the horizontal and vertical forces in

the braces, the axial forces and shears in the columns will be slightly in
error. These errors can be reduced by making the braces as long as
possible. (see Figure 7-17)
21
 Example 7.3
For the 10 story frame of Example 7-1 compute the second-order displacements and story drifts by the Negative
Bracing Member Method. The modulus of elasticity of the braces is:

For a typical floor, For the first floor,

The negative brace area for each floor level may now be calculated using Equation 7-26. For example, for the fourth
floor where the total gravity force is 1476 kips, the negative brace area is:

The braces areas, the displacement obtained using the negative braces, are shown in Table 7-5. The very good
agreement with the “exact” results (Table 7-3) is evident.

22
 Example 7.3

The braces areas, the displacement obtained using the negative braces, are shown in Table 7-5. The very good
agreement with the “exact” results (Table 7-3) is evident.

23
7.4.3 Approximate P-delta Analysis
Modified Versions of Approximate P-Delta Methods

The P-delta methods presented in this chapter ignore the “C-S” effect (Figure 7-4d). For most practical problems, the
C-S effects are much smaller than the P-delta effects and can be ignored. However if needed, the P-delta methods
described in previous sections, can be simply modified to include this effect.

The modification is achieved by multiplying the member axial forces by a flexibility factor, . For a single column, is
given by:

with GA and GB ae the stiffness ratios as defined in section 7.4.1. The flexibility factor has a rather small range of
variation (from 1,0 for GA=GB=, to 1,22 for GA=GB=0). For design purposes a conservative average value of can be used
for the entire frame. Lai and Macgregor suggest an average value of = 1,15, while Stevens has proposed an average
value of = 1,11.

To include the C-S effect in the previously discussed P-delta methods, it is sufficient to use .
24
 Example 7.4
For the 10 story frame of Example 7-1 compute the second-order displacements and story drifts at the first, fifth, and
the roof levels by the modified direct P-delta method. An average value of is assumed for all calculations :
Using the values listed in Table 7-4 we have:

Comparison of these results with those obtained by the original method reveals an increase of less than 1% in the story
drifts due to this modification.

25
7.4.4 “Exact” P-Delta Analysis

Construction of the geometric stiffness matrix is the backbone of any exact secondorder analysis. Consider the deformed
column shown in Figure 7-18. For the sake of simplicity, neglect the axial deformation of the member, and the small C-S
effect. The slope deflection equations for this column can be written as:

26
7.4.4 “Exact” P-Delta Analysis

Since we wrote the equilibrium equations for the deformed shape of the member, this is a second-order stiffness matrix.
The stiffness matrix given by Equation 7-33 can also be written as:

Where is the standard first-order stiffness The geometric stiffness matrix for a three The non-zero terms of this matrix are given
matrix (material matrix) and is the geometric dimensional rigid diaphragm building is given by:
stiffness matrix given by: in Figure 7-19.

27
7.4.4 “Exact” P-Delta Analysis

Where is the floor height for level i, is the weight of the i

th level, is the second-order story torque, and:

Where is the vertical force carried by the jth column, is the

distance of the jth column from the center of rotation of the floor,
and is an imposed unit rigid body rotation of the floor. Assuming
that the dead load is evenly distributed over the floor and that a
can also represented in terms of story mass, , and roughly uniform vertical support system is provided over the plan
area of the floor, Equation 7-42 can be further simplified to:
gravitational acceleraon, g, as

28
7.4.5 Choice of Member Stiffnesses for Drift and P-Delta Analysis

The seismic design codes in the United States are not specific about this matter. Hence, the choice of section
properties used in lateral analysis in general, and seismic analysis in particular, varies widely.
Contributing to the complexity of this issue, as the following factors:
1. Although elastic material behavior is usually assumed for the sake of simplicity, reinforced concrete is not a
homogeneous, linearly elastic material.
2. Stiffness and idealized elastic material properties of a reinforced concrete section vary with the state of behavior
of the section (e.g. uncracked, cracked and ultimate states).
3. Not all reinforced concrete members in a structure, and not all cross sections along a particular member, are in
the same state of behavior at the same time.
4. For many beams and other nonsymmetrically reinforced members, the stiffness properties for positive bending
and negative bending are different.
5. Stiffness of reinforced concrete members and structures varies with the time, and with the history of past
exposure to wind forces and earthquake ground motions.
6. Stiffness of reinforced concrete members and structures varies with the amplitude of the applied forces

29
7.4.5 Choice of Member Stiffnesses for Drift and P-Delta Analysis

According to Reference 7-40, in the case of large amplitude motions up to the yield level, the stiffness of the building
is usually somewhere between the computed values based on the gross concrete section properties and the cracked
section properties.
For force analysis, the gross concrete section properties and the clear span dimensions be used and the effect of
nonseismic structural and nonstructural elements be considered.
For drift calculations, either the lateral displacements determined using the above assumptions should be doubled or
the center to center imensions along with the average of the gross section and the cracked section properties, or one
half of the gross section properties should be used.

MacGregor and Hage(7-16) recommend using 40% of the gross section moment of inertia for beams and 80% of the
gross section moment of inertia for columns.

30
7.5 DRIFT DESIGN PROCEDURES
7.5.1 Drift Design of Moment Frames and Framed Tubes
The lateral displacements and story drifts of moment resistant frames and symmetrical framed tubes are caused by bent action, cantilever
action, the shear leak effect, and panel zone distortions.
Bent Displacements
A significant portion of drift in rigid frames and framed tubes is caused by end rotations of beams and columns (Figure 7-20). This
phenomenon is commonly referred to as bent action (also called frame action, or racking). In the design of framed tubes, it is
usually desirable to limit the bent action drifts to 30 to 40% of the total drift. If a framed tube is also braced, the bent action drifts
are usually limited to about 20 to 25% of the total drift(7-1). The bent action drift for any level I of a frame may be estimated by:

31
7.5.1 Drift Design of Moment Frames and Framed Tubes

Bent Displacements
Where is the story shear, is the story height, and:

Equation 7-44 can be derived by applying the slope deflection equations to the typical subassemblage shown in Figure 7-21.
In the derivation of Equation 7-44, it is assumed that the points of contraflexure are at the mid-span of beams and columns .

32
 Example 7.5
For the bent at the 5th floor of the 10-story frame of Example 7-1 (Figure 7-22), estimate the story drift caused by bent
action. Modify member sizes, if necessary, to limit the bent drift ratio to 0,0030. Neglect the P-delta effect.

1. Increasing both beam and column

sizes

33
 Example 7.5

Select new beam and column sizes 2. Increasing beam sizes only:
Additional member weight required
for drift control

Check the new bent drift:

3. Increasing column sizes only:

Additional member weight

required for drift control:

Therefore, bent drift control by increasing column sizes only is not feasible.
In this case, drift control by increasing beam sizes only, requires less material. However in general, one should be
careful about increasing beam sizes alone, since it can jeopardize the desirable strong column-weak girder behavior.34
7.5.1 Drift Design of Moment Frames and Framed Tubes
Cantilever
Displacements
In tall frames and tubes, there is significant axial deformation in the In a properly proportioned framed tube, the cantilever deflections are
columns caused by the overturning moments. The overturning significantly smaller than a similar rigid frame. As shown in Figure 7-
moments cause larger axial forces and deformations on the columns 24, this is due to the participation of some of the columns in the flange
which are farther from the center line of the frame. This action, frames in resistance to cantilever deformations. The taller the framed
which causes a lateral deformation that closely resembles the tube, the closer the column spacings, and the stronger the spandrel
deformation of a cantilever beam (Figure 7-23), is called the girders, the more significant the tube action becomes.
cantilever or chord action.

35
7.5.1 Drift Design of Moment Frames and Framed Tubes
Cantilever
Displacements
Cantilever displacements may be estimated by simple application of
the moment-area method. The moment of inertia for an equivalent
cantilever beam is computed as:

Cantilever where is cross sectional area of an individual column and

di is its distance from the centerline of the frame. The summation is
carried over all the columns of the web frames, and those columns of
the flange frames which are believed to participate in resistance to
cantilever deflections. The computation of cantilever displacements
for each floor level can be summarized in the following steps.

36
 Example 7.6
Use the moment-area method and the procedure explained in this section to compute displacements at points 1, 2
and 3 of the simple cantilever column shown in Figure 7.26. Assume EI = 58 x 106, kips, in2

Overturning moments:

37
Example 7.6

Area under M/EI curve:

Displacement:

38
7.5.1 Drift Design of Moment Frames and Framed Tubes
Shear Leak Displacements
In buildings with closely spaced columns and deep girders, such as framed tubes, the contribution of shearing deformations
to the lateral displacements (called the shear leak effect) may be significant. Story drifts due to the shear leak effect at level
i,, may be estimated as:

where G is the shear modulus and A'gi and A’ci are the shear areas of individual girders and columns at level i.
In order to simplify the design process, an effective moment of inertia, Ieff, can be defined where the contributions of both
flexural and shearing deformations are considered :

where A' is the shear area, L is span length, I is the moment of Inertia of the section, and v is Poisson's ratio.

39
 Example 7.7

For the bent of Example 7-5, estimate the additional story drift caused by the shear leak effect. We have

40
7.5.1 Drift Design of Moment Frames and Framed Tubes
Panel Zone Distortions
When joint shear forces are high, and the beam-column panel zones are not
dequately stiffened, panel zone distortions can have a measurable impact on the
story drift. Cheong-Siat-Moy(7-44) has recommended a simple method based on
elastic theory to estimate this effect. The method assumes a linear relationship
between the shearing forces and the panel zone distortions.

A simple beam-column subassemblage and the corresponding force and

displacement diagrams, as assumed by this method, are shown in Figure 7-27. It
can be shown that the deformation angle γ and the additional lateral story drift due
to panel zone distortion, ∆p, are:

where Mc is the moment from one column, dg is the girder depth, V is the column
shear, G is the shear modulus, t is the panel zone thickness, dc is the column depth,
and h is the story height.Hence, (h - dg) is the clear column height.
41
7.5.1 Drift Design of Moment Frames and Framed Tubes
Panel Zone Distortions

When If the points of contraflexure are assumed to be at mid-span of the beams and columns, Equation 7-51 can be
further simplified to:

where In one of these studies, conducted at Lehigh University, several beam-column subassemblage specimens were
subjected to cyclic loads far beyond their elastic limits. Based on these tests a formula, similar to Equation 7-53, for
estimation of panel zone distortions was recommended:

where L is the beam span length, Lc is clear column length , G is the shear modulus which is taken as 11,000 ksi, and is
the panel zone distortion in radians.

42
EXAMPLE 7-8

43
Drift Design of a 10 story Momen
Resistant Frame

The goal is to achieve an economical design that meets the story drift index limitation of 0.0033.
First Step: estimate the lateral displacements and story drifts of the structure.
 Calculations of story drifts and lateral displacements due to bent action, the shear leak effect, and chord
action are presented in Tables 7-6, 7-7 and 7-8 respectively.

 Story drifts
and lateral
displacements
due to chord
action

44
  Story drifts
and lateral
displacements
due to shear leak
effect

 Story drifts
and lateral
displacements
due to shear leak
effect

45
The total displacements and story drifts are magnified using the direct P-
delta Method (Table 7-9)

46
Figures 7-27 and 7-28 depict the contribution of each action to the total lateral displacement
and story drift. The dominance of bent action in the lateral response of this frame can be clearly
seen in these figures.

if the frame was significantly taller, bent action would be replaced by chord action as the dominant
47
contributor to lateral displacement.
the results of an exact elastic analysis in Figures 7-29 and 7-30

48
Assuming that the drift control is to be
achieved by increasing both beam and
column sizes, the average magnification
factors Φ by which the moment of inertia of
beams and columns should be multiplied
can be calculated as described in part 1 of
Example 7-5. Based on the average values of
Φ, new member sizes for beams and
columns are selected. These member sizes
are shown in Figure 7-31, where the
computed values of Φ are shown in
parenthesis.

49
At this stage, another round of displacement analysis, similar to that performed in
Tables 7-6 to 7-9, is necessary to make sure that the new design satisfies the drift
design criteria.
Results of this analysis are shown in Figures 7-32 and 7-33, which indicate that the
new design satisfies the design drift criteria.

50
This was also confirmed by performing an exact structural
analysis (Figures 7-34 and 7-35).

51
The last item, is to check the satisfaction of the strength criteria
by the new design. Codified equivalent static lateral forces,
which are based on a pre-determined fundamental period for
the structure, do not necessarily change with variation of
stiffness.

Given the design spectrum of Figure 7-37, the spectral

acceleration corresponding to the first mode of vibration of the
structure, is about 0.15g for the original design and 0.20g for
the modified design. Hence, the modified design will be
expected to withstand about 33% more inertial forces than the
original one

52
7.5.2 Drift Design of Braced Frames

• Lateral displacements of braced frames are primarily caused by two

actions: deformation of the braces, and axial deformation of the
columns (chord action).
modulus of elasticity of
brace angle that a brace makes
cross sectional area with the horizontal axis

sum of stiffnesses of the

braces at the level under length of each
consideration brace

story shear

story drift due to brace

deformations

53
 Estimate the first and second-order lateral displacements and story drifts for the 10-
story braced steel frame shown in Figure 7-38!
EXAMPLE 7-9  The tributary width of the frame is 30 ft. The gravity load is 100 psf on the roof
level and 120 psf on typical floors.

54
55
56
7.5.3 Drift Design of Frame - Shear Wall Systems

• Estimates of the lateral displacements of Frame-Shear wall systems may be

obtained using the charts developed by Khan and Sbarounis
• Some of these charts, for the case of constant stiffness over the height (Figure
7.42-744)
• In order to utilize the charts, the sum of stiffnesses of beams (Sb), columns (Sc) and
shear walls (Ss) should be computed by adding the corresponding EI/L terms
• Note: the ratio of Ss/Sc should be normalized by multiplying it by (10/N) 2 , where
N is the number of stories in the structure.

57
Design aid for drift design of frame-shear wall systems
Sc/Sb = 1 Sc/Sb = 5 Sc/Sb = 10

58
 EXAMPLE 7-10

Assume a uniform
lateral pressure of
30psf. Story heights are
12.5 feet. Use gross
concrete section
properties and E = 4000
ksi.
59
 7.5.4 Torsional Effects
One of the most important tasks in the process of the selection
of a structural system  minimization of torsional response.

1. For buildings which are composed of only one type of 2. For combination systems (frame-shear wall systems,
lateral load resisting system, the torsional rotation at the ith moment frame and braced frame combinations), the
floor, θi, and the corresponding torsional drift of the j th process is more complex:
frame at this floor, ∆j, may be estimated as:
• The direct lateral displacements and story drifts of the structure are obtained
eccentricity of the via the Khan-Sbarounis charts.
Story Shear • The total direct story shear carried by the frames subjected to the above
"center of rigidity"
from the center of displacements, Vfi, are calculated (see Section 7.5.1, “Bent Displacements).
mass • The shear Vfi is distributed among the various frames according to their
relative stiffness in the direction of applied load.
• The rest of the story shear (ΣVi - Vfi) is distributed among the various walls
torsional story stiffness (braced frames) according to their relative stiffness in the direction of applied
loads. The shear in each frame or wall, as calculated in the two preceding
steps, is used as a measure of rigidity, and the center of rigidity of the entire
system is located
• The torsional rotation and the corresponding torsional drift of individual
frames and walls are calculated using Equations 7-57 and 7- 58.
closest distance
from the jth
frame to the
center of rigidity 60
 7.6 SEISMIC CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRIFT AND
P-DELTA ANALYSIS
7.6.1 UBC-97 Provisions
maximum inelastic
response displacement reduced lateral displacement
calculated by utilizing the
reduction factor, R

P-delta effects, however, may be ignored when the ratio of secondary

moments to first-order moments does not exceed 0.10.

if local drift is exceeded locally in an area without a serious

seismic ramification, it can be tolerated and there is no need
for a redesign 61
 P-delta effects need not be considered when the stability coefficient, θ
as determined from Equation 7-63 is less than 0.10

7.6.2 IBC-2000 Provisions

According to IBC-2000 provisions, the design story drift, ∆, is
computed as the difference of the deflections, δx, at the top and
bottom of the story under consideration in accordance with the
following formula

The stability coefficient, θ, should not exceed an upper limit of θmax

62
63