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Afternoon
 Schistosome Parasite

it’s a 1-cm long worm in the

genus Schistosoma. It may invade and take up
residence in the human body, causing a very
serious illness known as schistosomiasis. The
worm gains access to the human body while it is
in a microscopic life stage. It enters through a
hair follicle when the skin comes into contact
with contaminated water. The worm then grows
and matures inside the human organism, causing
disease.
mmune Group 6

System
Immune
Adjective:
Totally or partially resistant to a particular
infectious disease or pathogen.
WHAT IS IMMUNE SYSTEM
The immune system is a host defense system. It
comprises many biological structures —ranging
from individual white blood cells to entire organs
— as well as many complex biological processes.
The function of the immune system is to protect
the host from pathogens and other causes of
disease such as tumor cells. To function properly,
the immune system must be able to detect a wide
variety of pathogens. It also must be able to
distinguish the cells of pathogens from the host’s
own cells and also to distinguish cancerous or
damaged host cells from healthy cells.
 The layered defenses of the human immune system are usually
Innate classified into two subsystems Adaptive
Immune Immune
System System
the defense system This acquired response is called
ere born. It protects "adaptive" because it prepares
antigens. Innate the body's immune system for
s barriers that keep
future challenges (though it can
from entering your
rs form the first line actually also be maladaptive
immune response. when it results in allergies or
autoimmunity).
Innate Immune
System
Any discussion of the innate immune response usually begins with the physical barriers
that prevent pathogens from entering the body, destroy them after they enter, or flush them out
before they can establish themselves in the hospitable environment of the body’s soft tissues. Barrier
defenses are part of the body’s most basic defense mechanisms. The barrier defenses are not a
response to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of
pathogens.
The phagocytes are the body’s fast acting first line of immunological defense against
organisms that have breached barrier defenses and have entered the vulnerable tissues of the body.
For example, certain leukocytes (white blood cells) engulf and destroy pathogens they encounter in
the process called phagocytosis. The body's response again a pathogen's breach is also
called Inflammation. Phagocytosis and Inflammation will be discussed in detail in concept Innate
Immune System.
Immune
System
The adaptive immune system is activated if pathogens successfully
enter the body and manage to evade the general defenses of the innate
immune system. An adaptive response is specific to the particular type of
pathogen that has invaded the body or to cancerous cells. It takes longer to
launch a specific attack, but once it is underway, its specificity makes it very
effective. An adaptive response also usually leads to immunity. This is a state
of resistance to a specific pathogen due to the ability of the adaptive immune
system to “remember” the pathogen and immediately mount a strong attack
tailored to that particular pathogen if it invades again in the future.
 Cells of the innate immune system include:

Neutrophils
These are the most abundant white blood cells and
are typically the first to arrive at the site of infection.
Neutrophils engulf and destroy pathogens through a process
called phagocytosis.
 Macrophages
These cells are derived
from monocytes and are found in
various tissues. Macrophages
engulf and digest pathogens,
dead cells, and other debris.
They also play a role in presenting
antigens to cells of the adaptive
immune system.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells NK cells are
responsible for detecting and
eliminating virus-infected cells
and tumor cells. They release
toxic substances that induce
cell death in target cells.
Dendritic Cells
These cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells that
capture and process antigens from pathogens. They then present
the antigens to T cells, initiating an adaptive immune response.
Mast Cells
These cells are primarily involved in allergic
reactions. They release chemical mediators, such as
histamine, which promote inflammation.
 Cells of the adaptive immune system include:

T Lymphocytes (T cells)
T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They recognize
specific antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic
cells) and play a crucial role in coordinating immune responses. There are
different types of T cells, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and
regulatory T cells.
B Lymphocytes (B cells)
B cells are involved in humoral immunity. When activated by
antigens, B cells can differentiate into plasma cells, which produce
antibodies. Antibodies bind to specific antigens, neutralizing them and
marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
Memory Cells
Both T cells and
B cells can differentiate
into memory cells after
encountering an antigen.
Memory cells "remember"
the specific pathogen,
allowing for a quicker and
stronger immune response
upon subsequent
exposure.
 Parts of
Immune
System
WE HAVE 7 MAIN PARTS
OF IMMUNE
SYSTEM
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM?

Lymph Nodes
Appendix
Bone Marrow
Tonsils and Adenoids
Thymus
Spleen
Peyer’s Patch
Lymph
Nodes
These small glands filter and destroy
germs so they can’t spread to other
parts of your body and make you sick.
They also are part of your body’s
lymphatic system. Lymph nodes
contain immune cells that analyze the
foreign invaders brought into your
body.
Lymph
Nodes
They then activate, replicate and send
the specific lymphocytes (white blood
cells) to fight off that particular
invader. You have hundreds of lymph
nodes all over your body, including in
your neck, armpits, and groin. Swollen,
tender lymph nodes are a clue that your
body is fighting an infection.
Appendix
The appendix has been found to play a
role in mammalian mucosal immune
function. It is believed to be involved in
extrathymically derived T-lymphocytes
and B-lymphocyte-mediated immune
responses. It is also said to produce early
defences that help prevent serious
infections in humans.
Bone
Marrow
Stem cells in the spongy center of
your bones develop into red blood
cells, plasma cells and a variety of
white blood cells and other types of
immune cells. Your bone marrow
makes billions of new blood cells
every day and releases them into
your bloodstream.
 Tonsils and
Adenoids

Because they are located in your

throat and nasal passage, tonsils
and adenoids can trap foreign
invaders (for example, bacteria or
viruses) as soon as they enter
your body. They have immune
cells that produce antibodies to
protect you from foreign invaders
that cause throat and lung
infections.
Thymus
This small organ in your upper
chest beneath your breast bone
helps mature a certain type of
white blood cell. The specific
task of this cell is to learn to
recognize and remember an
invader so that an attack can be
quickly mounted the next time
this invader is encountered.
Spleen
Your spleen stores white blood cells that defend your body from
foreign invaders. It also filters your blood, destroying old and
damaged red blood cells.
Peyer’s Patch
are small masses of lymphatic tissue
found throughout the ileum region of
the small intestine. Also known as
aggregated lymphoid nodules, they
form an important part of the
immune system by monitoring
intestinal bacteria populations and
preventing the growth of pathogenic
bacteria in the intestines.