BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

MOHIDEEN SHARFAN S A
Reviewed by
Mr. Mohideen Sharfan S A PPT Review Committee, YSAHS
Assistant Professor

YSAHS PREPARED BY MR. MOHIDEEN SHARFAN S A 1

 HISTORY

• Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO Blood Group System in

1901.

• Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello who were working

under Landsteiner discovered type AB a year later in 1902.

• Landsteiner was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology

or Medicine for his work.

PREPARED BY MR. MOHIDEEN SHARFAN S A 2
 LANDSTEINER LAW

If an antigen is present on a patients red

blood cells (RBCs) the corresponding

antibody will be absent in the patients

plasma, under ‘normal conditions’.

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 INTRODUCTION

• The selection of potential blood donors and the subsequent

collection and processing of those donor units are the first

stages of the blood banking process that eventually lead to the

transfusion of life saving blood products to a patient.

• Blood transfusion is an essential part of modern health care.

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• Used correctly, it can save life and improve health.

• In which any therapeutic intervention, it may result in acute or

delayed complications.

• In addition it carries the risk of transmission of infectious agents

like HIV, hepatitis viruses, syphilis, etc.

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 Blood Group Systems

• ABO blood group system

• Rh blood group system

• Bombay blood group system

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 ABO blood group system

• The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type
system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion.
• According to the ABO blood group system , there are four
different kind of blood groups.
1. A group
2. B group
3. AB group
4. O group
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• There are two subgroups in a group A, namely A1 & A2.

• Determination of ABO blood groups depends upon the

immunological reaction between antigen and antibody.

• Antigens are also called agglutinogens because of their

capacity to cause agglutination of RBCs.

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• ABO blood types are also present in some other animals.

Example: Rodents and apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and

gorillas

• Each individuals inherits two ABO genes, one for each parent

and these genes determine the ABO antigen on the red cells.

• Absent of both antigens A & B on the red cells are seen in

blood group O.
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PREPARED BY MR. MOHIDEEN SHARFAN S A 10
Antigen And Antibody Present In ABO Blood
Group
ABO Group Antigen Antigen Antibody Present
Present Missing

A A B Anti-B

B B A Anti-A

O NONE A&B Anti-A&B

AB A&B NONE NONE

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 ABO BASICS

• Blood having antigen A belongs to ‘A’ group. This blood has B-

antibody in the serum.

• Blood with antigen B and A-antibody belongs to ‘B’ group.

• If both the antigens are present, blood group is called ‘AB’ group

and serum of this group does not contain any antibody.

• If both antigens are absent, the blood group is called ‘O’ group

and both A and B antibodies areMOHIDEEN

PREPARED BY MR. present inS Athe serum.
SHARFAN 12
 Principle of Blood Grouping

• Blood grouping is done on the basis of agglutination.

• Agglutination means the collection of separate particles like RBCs

into clumps or masses.

• Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding

antibody which is called isoagglutinin, i.e. occurs when A antigen

is mixed with anti-A or when B antigen is mixed with anti-B.

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 ABO grouping technique

• Methods:

 Slide technique.

 Tube technique.

 Microplate method.

 Microtyping system.

 Automated method.
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 IMPORTANCE OF ABO GROUPS IN
BLOOD TRANSFUSION

• During blood transfusion, only compatible blood must be

used.

• The one who gives blood is called the ‘donor’ and the one who

receives the blood is called ‘recipient’.

• While transfusing the blood, antigen of the donor and the

antibody of the recipient are considered.

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Rh BLOOD GROUP
SYSTEM

PREPARED BY MR. MOHIDEEN SHARFAN S A 16

 INTRODUCTION

• The first human antibody against the antigen later called D

was reported in 1939 by Levine and Stetson.

• The discovery of Rh blood group system, as with many other

blood group system occurd during the transfusion reaction or

HDFN.

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• Rh blood group system is the second system of clinical significance

in transfusion medicine.

• It is the most important blood group system after ABO.

• Rh blood group system consists of 50 defined blood-group

antigens, among them there are six common types of Rh antigens.

• Each of this known as Rh factor. They are designated C,D, E, c, d,

and e.

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 Rh D antigen

• The D antigen is highly immunogenic.

• The type D antigen is widely prevalent in the population and

considerably more antigenic than the other Rh antigens.

• Anyone who has this type of antigen is said to be Rh positive,

whereas a person who does not have type D antigen is said to

be Rh negative.
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 Clinical significance

• Rh incompatibility between donor and recipient result in

hemolytic transfusion reactions.

• Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

 Erythroblastosis fetalis is a disease of the fetus and newborn

child characterized by agglutination and phagocytosis of the

fetus’s red blood cells.

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 Rh(D) Typing technique

Methods:

 Slide technique.

 Tube technique.

 Microplate method.

 Microtyping system.

 Automated method.
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BOMBAY BLOOD GROUP
SYSTEM

PREPARED BY MR. MOHIDEEN SHARFAN S A 22

 INTRODUCTION

• On group ‘O’ red cells there is no A or B antigen & the

membrane expresses ‘H’ antigen.

• H is a precursor of A & B antigens.

• A & B persons have less H substance than O group.

• Seen in persons with red cells which lack H, A & B antigens &

whose plasma contains anti H, anti A & anti B

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• First discovered in Bombay by Dr. Y.M. Bhende Bhatia.

• Present in about 4 per million of human population generally.

• In Mumbai it is 1 in 10,000.

• More common in India.

• 179 cases reported in India.

• 35 to 40 in Mumbai, 12 in West Bengal.

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• When Bombay blood group was first encountered it was

found not to contain A or B antigen so was thought to be ‘O’

blood group.

• But these patient's could not safely receive normal ‘O’ blood

group, this proved to be because they lack ‘H’ antigen.

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 Other blood group systems

• Auberger groups
• Duffy group
• Lutheran group
• P group
• Kell group
• Kidd group
• MNS GROUP

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THANK
YOU
PREPARED BY MR. MOHIDEEN SHARFAN S A 27