Presentation Title

REFRACTION THROUGH A GLASS SLAB
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CONTENT
 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
 OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION
 PRECAUTION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

Teacher Shajina Sarin as well as our principal Mrs.
Mukta Baurai who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic: Refraction through a glass slab
which also help me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so
many new things .Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.

OBJECTIVE
To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of
incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret
the result.

THEORY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under

CC BY-SA
• Refraction of Light: When light passes from one medium to other it deviates/changes its
path, this property of light is called refraction of light.
• Normal Ray: A ray of light which forms an angle of 90° with the refracting surface is said to
be normal. When a ray of light travels along the normal, it does not suffer any refraction.
• Incident Ray: A ray of light that travels towards the refracting surface is called incident ray.
• Refracted Ray: A ray of light that changes its path when passes through a refracting surface
is said to be refracted ray.
• Emergent Ray: A ray of light which emerges out into the original medium after refraction is
said to be an emergent ray.
• Lateral Displacement: The perpendicular shift in the path of light, seen when it emerges out
from the refracting medium is called lateral displacement.
• Angle of Incidence (i): The angle formed between the normal and incident ray is called
angle of incidence. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
• Emergent Ray: A ray of light which emerges out into the original medium after refraction is
said to be an emergent ray.
Lateral Displacement: The perpendicular shift in the path of light, seen when it emerges out from the
refracting medium is called lateral displacement.
Angle of Incidence (i): The angle formed between the normal and incident ray is called angle of
incidence.
Angle of Refraction (r): The angle formed between the refracted and normal ray is called angle of
refraction.
Angle of Emergence (e): The angle formed between the normal and emergent ray is called angle of
emergence.
During Refraction:
(i) Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence.
(ii) Incident ray and emergent ray are parallel.
Laws of Refraction:
(i) The incident ray, the normal ray and the refracted ray, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant quantity for
the two given media. This law is also known as Snell’s law. sin i/ sin r
This constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first.
APPARATUS REQIRED
• A drawing board,
• 4-6 pins
• white sheet of paper
• rectangular glass slab
• a protractor
• a scale
• a pencil
• pins

PROCEDURE
Take a soft drawing board. Fix a white sheet on it with the help of thumb pins.
Place the rectangular glass slab in the centre of the white paper and draw its outline boundary with
pencil.
Mark this rectangular figure obtained as ABCD.
On one side of this figure, i.e., AB take one point E, draw a perpendicular EN and label it as normal ray.
With the help of a protractor draw one angle of 30° with the EN. Fix two pins P and Q on the ray of this
angle, the distance between the pins should be more than 4-5 cm.
Put the glass slab on the rectangular figure ABCD.
See through the glass slab from side CD and fix pin R and S such that when seen through the glass slab
all
the pins lie in straight line, [i.e., Pins P, Q, R and S should lie in straight line when seen through the
glass slab], ‘ 8
Now, remove the pins P, Q, R and S one by one and draw small circles around the pin
points.
Remove the glass slab.
Join points R and S such that it meets CD at point F.
Draw perpendicular to CD at point F as N’M’.
Join points E and F with the pencil.
Measure the angles formed at AB and CD, i.e., the incident angle, refracted angle and
emergent angle.
Extend ray PQ with scale and pencil in dotted line. It will be parallel to ray FRS. The
distance between these two parallel rays is called lateral displacement (d).
Measure the lateral displacement.
Calculations

Observation Table
Angle of
Angle of incidence Angle of ∠i – ∠e
emergence
∠i = ∠PEN refraction ∠PEN – ∠SFM’
∠e = ∠SFM
∠r = ∠MEF
1. 30° 28° 30° 0°
2. 45° 43° 44.8° 0.2°
3. 60° 56° 59.8° 0.2°

CONCLUSIONS
• The angle of incidence is nearly equal to the angle of emergence.
• The angle of refraction is less than angle of incidence because light is travelling from rarer to
denser optical medium.
• The lateral displacement remains the same for different angles of incidences.
• When the light ray travels from optically rarer medium (air) to optically denser medium
(glass) the light bends towards the normal.

PRECAUTIONS
• The glass slab should be perfectly rectangular with all its faces smooth.
• The drawing board should be soft so that pins can be easily fixed on it.
• The angle of incidence should lie between 30° and 60°.
• All pins base should lie in straight line.
• While fixing the pins P and Q or the pins R and S, care should be taken to maintain a distance of about 5
cm between the two pihs.
• Draw thin lines using a sharp pencil.
• Use a good quality protractor having clear markings.
• Place the protractor correctly to measure the angles.
• Perpendiculars should be drawn correctly.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• NCERT Physics Part-II
• NCERT Lab Manual
• www.google.com
• www.ncert.nic.com
• https://www.google.com/search?
q=glass+slab+applications&source=lmns&bih=739&biw=1536&rlz=1C1VDKB_en-
GBIN1070IN1071&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1x4X4kviBAxXvcWwGHTxmC4gQ_A
UoAHoECAEQAA

Thank You

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REFRACTION THROUGH A GLASS SLAB

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under

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1. 30° 28° 30° 0°

2. 45° 43° 44.8° 0.2°

3. 60° 56° 59.8° 0.2°

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