FROG

OVERVIEW OF FROG
KEY POINT ABOUT FROG

 Most common species of frog found in India- Rana tigrina.

 Toad:- Bufo melanostictus.

 Frog never drink water but absorb it through the skin.

Skin(Wet) so its easy in cutaneous respiration.
 KEY POINT ABOUT FROG

 Poikilotherms/ cold blooded.

(They can’t regulate the body temperature) body temperature varies with the temperature of Environment).

 Aestivation (Summer sleep) & Hibernation (Winter sleep).

(Take shelter in deep burrows to protect them from extreme heat & cold).

Q.) Events during Aestivation & Hibernation.

• Reserve food in the form of fat body stored.

• Metabolic rate High/ Low? Down almost zero.

• Respiration (Which mode) ?  Cutaneous respiration.

 KEY POINT ABOUT FROG

 Camouflage / Metachrosis.

Ability to change the colour to hide them from their enemies.

 Mimicry.

Protective colouration.

 Skin of Frog :
Skin is smooth & slippery due to presence of Mucus gland.
(Due to mucus secreting gland it helps in cutaneous respiration).

 Poisonous gland in its skin is present.

But absent in Rana tigrina and present in Golden dart frog.

 Sweat gland:- Absent (only found in mammals).

KEY POINT ABOUT FROG

 BODY colour in frog

VENTRAL SURFACE DORSAL SURFACE

 Uniformly pale yellow  Olive green

 No patches  Patches Present

 BODY shape of frog

 Triangular

(That’s why body of frog is well adapted for lipping, burrowing & swimming).
KEY POINT ABOUT FROG a) HEAD

 MOUTH
 Body of frog is divided into 2 parts
a) HEAD i. Tongue :- long, bilobed, sticky & folded.
b) TRUNK
ii. Teeth:- Absent in lower jaw.
# (NECK & TAIL are absent)

1 pair of nostril

External ear is absent &

Ear is represented by tympanum
(Ear drum).
KEY POINT ABOUT FROG
a) HEAD
 Frogs Eye
• Protruding Eye.
• Eye possessing one unit i.e. Simple Eye.
• Protective Covering • Protruding Eye.

Upper eye Lid Lower eye Lid Nictitating Membrane

(Immovable) (Movable) (Transparent

&
Movable)

Role:- Protection of
Eye Ball during
swimming inside
water.
 KEY POINT ABOUT FROG

a) HEAD

• In head region of male frog Vocal sac / Resonator organ is present.

• One pair, balloon like structure.
• “It is found only in throat of male frog”.
• Produce croaking sound & increase the pitch of croaking.
• To attract female for mating in breeding season.
• Vocal sac / Resonator organ (Sexual dimorphic character)
 KEY POINT ABOUT FROG

b) TRUNK

 Fore limb  Hind limb

• Digit 4 in number. • Webbed digits

• Less muscular then hind limb. • 5 in number.
• Larger & muscular than
fore limb.

• Fore limb of male frog

• 1st – digit towards ventral side a swollen structure found and that structure k/as
Nuptial / Copulatory/ amplexusory. (Sexual dimorphic character)
It helps to grasp female body during time of mating

Web like membranous structure in hind

limb helps at the time of swimming
 ANATOMY / INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF FROG

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1) Pulmonary respiration
Work on land
habitat
2) Buccopharyngeal/ buccal cavity respiration.

3) Cutaneous respiration In all habitat

Q) In which type of habitat where, all type of respiration works in frog?

Ans: Terrestrial (land habitat).

Q) In which type of respiration works in all type of habitat in frogs.

Ans: Cutaneous (skin ) respiration.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1) Pulmonary respiration:- 56% ( Terrestrial habitat)

• A pair of elongated, pink coloured, sac like structure present in upper trunk.
• Only in Terrestrial habitat
• +ve pressure type of respiration.
• Air is forcefully transferred into the lungs from buccopharyngeal cavity.

2) Cutaneous respiration:- 35%

Skin contain the mucous glands which secrete the mucus to moist the skin that
Helps in exchange of gases by diffusion in water & during Aestivation & Hibernation.

3) buccopharyngeal cavity/ Buccal cavity respiration:- 9%

Due to large network.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF FROG

Alimentary canal

Digestive glands salivary gland Absent

In adult frog alimentary

canal is short because they
are carnivores.

In Tadpole larval of frog

alimentary canal is long
because they are herbivores.

Route for passage

of food Mouth Oral cavity Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Intestine

Cloacal aperture Cloaca Rectum

 Mechanism of digestion

 Digestion of food takes place by the action of HCl & gastric juice secreted from the wall of stomach

 Chyme (Partially digested food) is passed from stomach to duodenum.

 Duodenum receives bile from gall bladder & Pancreatic juice from the pancreas through common bile duct.

 Bile's emulsifies fat & pancreatic juice digest carbohydrate & Proteins.

 Final digestion takes place in intestine.

 Undigested solid waste moves into rectum & passes out through Cloaca ( Common outlet for Faecus, Urine
& gametes.
 Circulatory System of Frog

Function:- Transport food, gases & Hormones to various parts of body.

Heart:- 1) Myogenic & 3-chambered (2 auricle & single Ventricle).

2) Heart beat :- 64 beats/minute

3) Closed & Incomplete double circulation.

 Circulatory
KEY SystemFROG
POINT ABOUT of Frog
Ventral flow
As like in humans venacava, In frog has 2 additional
Inter auricular septum
In frog instead of this this Chamber.
They has 1) Sinus venosus
• Left Precaval
• Right Precaval (Pace maker of heart)
LA RA
Found at dorsal surface
All DO2 Blood is collected by L & R Left Right Of heart.
PRECAVAL Precaval Precaval
Transported
In to
Sinus Venosus
Sinus venosus
(Pace maker of
Heart)
Right Auricle
Postcaval
Sinus venosus joints Right auricle.

Opening of sinus venosus takes Dorsal view of frog Heart

place inside right auricle
 Circulatory
KEY SystemFROG
POINT ABOUT of Frog
Aortic Trunk
Dorsal flow In frog has 2 additional
Chamber.
All oxygenated blood from
Lungs, Buccopharyngeal cavity,
2) Truncus
Skin
RA LA Arteriosus
Transported OR
In to Truncus
Conus
Arteriosus Arteriosus
Left Auricle
OR
Conus Ventricle (Opening of ventricles)
Arteriosus (ventricles opens into truncus arteriosus)

RA LA Ventral view of frog Heart

DO2 O2

V
Transported Truncus With the Transported Whole body
MIXED Aortic Trunk
Mixed blood arteriosus Help of finally part
 Circulatory System of Frog

3 types of blood cells are present

(1) RBCs :- Nucleated, Biconvex / oval & contains Hb

(I.e. has role in oxygen transport)
# All though original
platelets are absent but
(2) WBC :- Provide immunity platelet like structure
are present

(3) Thrombocyte:- Responsible for blood clotting.

# Because original platelets

are formed through
MEGAKARYOCYTES & in
Amphibians (frog) platelets
are not formed by
megakaryocytes
Circulatory System of Frog

Types of circulation
PORTAL CIRCULATION
NORMAL CIRCULATION

OXYGENATED
OXYGENATED
Organ Herat
Herat
Organ 1
DEOXYGENATED

ED
DEOXYGENATED

AT
EN
YG
OX
DE
ORGAN
2
Circulatory System of Frog

Hepatic Portal System Renal Portal System

Special Venous connection B/w Liver & Intestine Special Venous connection B/w kidney & lower parts of body.

OXYGENATED OXYGENATED
Intestine Kidney
Herat Herat
1 ED
DEOXYGENATED

ED
DEOXYGENATED
AT

AT
EN

EN
YG

YG
OX

OX
DE

DE
Liver Lower
Parts of
2
The
Body
 Circulatory System of Frog

LYMPH

LYMPH is different from blood.

It lacks few proteins & RBCs.

Lymphatic system consists of lymph,

lymph channels & lymph nodes.
 Cerebral Hemisphere Corpus callosum Absent
Nervous System of Frog
Olfactory lobes
FORE BRAIN
 CNS Unpaired Diencephalon
 PNS
 ANS BRAIN MID BRAIN Optic lobes Corpora Bigemina

Cerebellum
HIND BRAIN Pons absent.
CNS Medulla Oblongata

SPINAL CORD
 Nervous System of Frog

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

CRANIAL NERVES (10 PAIR) Increase the rate of autonomous organ

ANS
PNS
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
SPINAL NERVES (10 PAIR) Decrease the rate of autonomous organ

# (Except Rana tigrina -9 pair)

 Sense organs in Frog

ORGAN OF TOUCH Sensory Papillae

Not well developed
ORGAN OF TASTE Taste buds
(Just cluster of cells)
ORGAN OF SMELL Nasal Epithelium
ORGAN OF VISION Eyes (Possessing single unit)
well developed
ORGAN OF HEARING Tympanum with internal ear

# “ Eyes & Internal ear are well organised structure & the rest are cellular aggregation surrounding nerve ending”.
 Excretory System of Frog

kidney

• 1-pair in number, mesonephric type of kidney.

• Cortex, medulla & Pyramids absent (i.e. zero medullary pyramids)

• Also act as haemopoetic organ in tadpole larvae.

• Structural & functional unit is NEPHRON.

• 200 Uriniferous tubules (nephron) in each kidney.

• The main excretory product in frog is UREA (Ureotelic).

• Tadpole release AMMONIA (Ammonotelic)

Reproductive System of Frog

Male Reproductive System

“Structural & functional communication is found b/w reproductive & excretory organs of male frog”.

Route for sperm

passage

Testes Vasa Efferentia Kidney Bidder’s canal Seminal vesicle

Cloacal aperture Cloaca urogenital duct

Reproductive System of Frog

Female Reproductive System

Route for ova passage

Ovary Ostium Oviduct funnel Oviduct Ovisac

Cloacal aperture Cloaca

 Reproductive System of Frog

 Fertilization :- Egg in frogs are very soft (Non-cledoic egg) i.e. without hard shell.

 For reproduction couple (male & female frog) went in to water bodies.

 Male frog seat on to back of the female bodies of frog.

 Male frog do not have any copulatory organ

 By abdominal pressure generated by male frog on to the female back due to this
release of ova into water .

 In frog external fertilization are seen.

 Indirect development.
Economic importance of Frog

 Protects the crops.

 Maintain ecological balance.

 Muscular legs of frogs are used as food by humans.