IT'S NICE TO MEET YOU

AGAIN!

 Last class we discussed about the Pre-

processing Treatment
 Today class chapter 3 (moist air grain
drying
 CHAPTER THREE
MOIST AIR GRAIN DRYING
 GENERAL OVERVIEW
MOIST AIR GRAIN

Learning objectives
DRYING
CHAPTER 3

Lesson 1. Definition
Lesson 2. Psychrometry
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
learning objectives of moist

To understand the principles of

air grain drying

drying

To asses about psychometrics chart

To determine air properties

 LESSON ONE DEFINITION
⚫ Grain drying is process of drying grain to prevent
spoilage during storage.
 It may be performed by the use of dry or moist air
⚫ The final moisture content of the grain is up to the
amount of moisture in the drying air, which is the relative
humidity.

⚫ Three basic definitions are used to describe air under

various conditions:
1. Atmospheric air: -
⚫ contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water
vapor,
other gases, &
⚫ miscellaneous contaminants such as dust, pollen, and
smoke.
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⚫ It is the air we breathe and use for ventilation.
 Cont…
2. Dry air:
 exists when all of the contaminants and water vapor
have been removed from atmospheric air.
 By volume, it contains about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen,
and 1% other gases.

3. Moist air:
 is a binary (two-component) mixture of dry air and
water vapor.
 The amount of water vapor in moist air varies from zero
(dry air) to a maximum (saturation) that depends on
temperature and pressure.

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 Cont…

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 Psychrometry

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 Psychrometry
⚫ Psychrometry : is the science of studying the
thermodynamic properties of moist air

⚫ It is the study of the properties of mixtures of air and

water vapour.

⚫ It is used to analyze the conditions and processes

involving
moist air, for example
 Air conditioning
 Drying processes
 Flue gas condensation

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 Cont…
⚫ In air-conditioning system, the air must undergo one or
several of the following processes:

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 Important psychrometric properties

Dry-bulb temperature (DBT)

Wet-bulb temperature (WBT)
Dew point temperature
Relative Humidity
Specific enthalpy
Humidity ratio
Specific volume

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 Psychrometric Chart
⚫ A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation
of the psychrometric processes of air.

⚫ Psychrometric processes include physical

and thermodynamic properties such as
⚫ dry bulb temperature,
⚫ wet bulb temperature,
⚫ Dew point temperature
⚫ Humidity ratio,
⚫ Relative humidity
⚫ enthalpy

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 Psychrometri
c Chart

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 Important
psychrometric
properties

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 Dry bulb temperature (DBT)
⚫ DBT: is the temperature that we measure with a standard
thermometer or other temperature measuring instruments.
o It has no water on its surface

⚫ When people refer to the temperature of the air, they are

commonly referring to its dry bulb temperature.

⚫ The International System (SI) units of temperature are:

 Fahrenheit scale ----°F.
 Celsius scale -----°C.
 Kelvin scale-----ºK (0ºK equals -273°C).

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 Dry Bulb Temperature

⚫ DBT: is located on the X-axis, of the psychrometric chart and lines of

constant temperature are represented by vertical chart lines.

126⚫ Dry bulb temperature lines shown on the Psychrometric Chart

 Wet Bulb Temperature
⚫ The wet bulb temperature (WBT) is a temperature
associated with the moisture content of the air.

⚫ Wet bulb temperature is taken by surrounding the

thermometer with a wet clothes

⚫ Because of the evaporative cooling effect,

⚫ Wet bulb temperatures are always lower than dry bulb
temperatures
⚫ the only time that they will be the same is at saturation (i.e. 100%
relative humidity).

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 Cont…
⚫ WBT: represented by lines that slant diagonally from the upper left of
the chart (along the line of saturation) down to the lower right of the
chart.
⚫ These follows lines of constant enthalpy but values are read off at the
upper, curved, saturation temperature boundary.
⚫ The unit of measure used for WBT is °C or °F.

128⚫ Lines of constant wet-bulb temperature on the Psychrometric Chart

 Enthalpy

⚫ Enthalpy is the measure of heat energy in the air due to

sensible heat or latent heat.
 Sensible heat is the heat (energy) in the air due to
the
temperature of the air
 latent heat is the heat (energy) in the air due to the
moisture of the air.
⚫ The sum of the latent energy and the sensible energy
is
called the air enthalpy.
⚫ Enthalpy is expressed in
 Btu per pound of dry air (Btu/lb) or
 kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).

129Enthalpy is useful in air heating and cooling

⚫
applications.
 Cont…
⚫ The enthalpy scale is located above the saturation, upper boundary of
the chart.
⚫ Lines of constant enthalpy run diagonally downward from right to left
across the chart; follow almost exactly the line of constant wet bulb
temperature.

⚫ Enthalpy lines shown on Psychrometric

Chart
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 Relative Humidity (RH)
⚫ RH is a measure of the amount of water air can hold at a
certain temperature--how much moisture is present in air
⚫ Itis the ratio of the mole fraction of water vapour in moist
air to mole fraction of water vapour in saturated air at the
same temperature and pressure.
⚫ Using perfect gas equation we can show that:

Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage. When RH 100

percent, the air is saturated.

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 Cont…
⚫ Lines of constant RH are represented by the curved lines running from
the bottom left and sweeping up through to the top right of the
chart.
⚫ The line for 100 % RH, or saturation, is the upper, left boundary of
the
chart.

Relative humidity lines shown on Psychrometric

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Chart
 Cont…
⚫ The 100 % RH (saturation) line corresponds to
⚫ the wet bulb and the dew-point temperature scale line

⚫ the line for zero percent RH falls

⚫ along the dry-bulb temperature scale line

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 Absolute Humidity (AH) or Humidity ratio
⚫ Humidity ratio (W): (or specific humidity) is the mass of
water associated with each kilogram of dry air

⚫ It is the actual amount of moisture in the air

⚫ measured in pounds of moisture per pound of dry air (lb/lb of d.a).
⚫ It is also known as moisture content or humidity ratio.

⚫ The instruments used to measure humidity are called

hygrometers.
⚫ the humidity ratio is given by:

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 Cont…
⚫ Humidity ratio is represented on the chart by lines that run
horizontally and the values are on the right hand side (Y-axis) of
the chart increasing from bottom to top.

⚫ Humidity Ratio lines shown on Psychrometric

25 Chart
 Dew point temperature
⚫ DPT: indicates the temperature at which water will begin to
condense out of moist air.

⚫ When air is cooled, the relative humidity increases until

saturation is reached and condensation occurs.

⚫ Condensation occurs on surfaces which are at or below the

dew point temperature.

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 Cont…
⚫ Dew point is represented along the 100% relative humidity line on
the psychrometric chart.
⚫ Dew point temperature is determined by moving from a state point
horizontally to the left along lines of constant humidity ratio until the
upper, curved, saturation temperature boundary is reached.
⚫ At dew point, dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature are exactly
the same.

⚫ Dew Point lines shown on Psychrometric

27 Chart
 Cont…
⚫ Generally, Psychrometric chart displays the properties of
air:
 dry bulb temperature (vertical lines),
 wet bulb temperature (lines sloping gently downward to the
right),
 dew point temperature (horizontal lines), and
 relative humidity (the curves on the chart).

⚫ Given any two of these properties, the other two can be

determined using the chart.

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 Specific Air Volume
⚫ It is the volume that a certain weight of air occupies at a
specific set of conditions.
⚫ The specific volume of air is basically the reciprocal of air
density.
⚫ As the temperature of the air increases,
⚫ its density will decrease as its molecules vibrate more
and
⚫ take up more space (as per Boyle’s law).
⚫ Thus the specific volume will increase with increasing
temperature.
⚫ The unit of measure used for specific volume is cubic
feet/lb of dry air.

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 Cont…
⚫ Specific volume is represented on Psychrometric Chart
⚫ by lines that slant from the upper right hand corner towards the lower left hand
corner at a steeper angle than the lines of wet bulb temperature and enthalpy.

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 MEASURING PSYCHROMETRIC VARIABLES

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 Cont…
⚫ All psychrometric properties of air are determined by
measuring two psychrometric variables:

⚫ E.g. If wet- and dry-bulb temperatures are

measured, then
⚫ relative humidity,
⚫ dew point temperature
⚫ Humidity ratio
⚫ Specific air volume
⚫ vapor pressure etc can be easily calculated

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 Examples
⚫ An air-conditioned room at sea level has an
⚫ indoor design temperature of 75°F and
⚫ a relative humidity of 50%.

⚫ Determine the
⚫ humidity ratio,
⚫ enthalpy,
⚫ Specific air volume,
⚫ dew point temperature, and
⚫ wet bulb temperature of the indoor air at design
condition.

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 Cont…

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 Solution
⚫ 1. Plot the state point of the room air at design condition on the psychrometric chart.
⚫ First, find the room temperature 75°F on the horizontal temperature scale. Draw a line
parallel to the 75°F temperature line.This line meets the relative humidity curve of 50%
at point 1, which denotes the state point of room air (refer figure above).
⚫ 2. Draw a horizontal line toward the humidity ratio scale from point 1. This line meets
the ordinate and thus determines the room air humidity ratio W = 0.0093 lb/lb.
⚫ 3. Draw a line from point 1 parallel to the enthalpy line.This line determines the
enthalpy of room air on the enthalpy scale, h1 = 28.1 Btu/lb.
⚫ 4. Draw a line through point 1parallel to the moist volume line.The perpendicular scale of this
line
indicates v = 13.67 ft3/lb.
⚫ 5. Draw a horizontal line to the left from point 1. This line meets the saturation curve
and determines the dew point temperature, Tdew = 55°F.
⚫ 6. Draw a line through point r parallel to the thermodynamic wet bulb line.The
perpendicular scale
to this line indicates that the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature T* = 62.5°F.
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 Example 2
⚫ A sling psychrometer gives
⚫ a dry-bulb temperature of 78°F and
⚫ a wet-bulb temperature of 65°F.
⚫ Determine other moist air properties from this information.
⚫ Relative humidity ?
⚫ Dew Point ?
⚫ Absolute humidity ?
⚫ Specific volume ?
⚫ Enthalpy ?

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 Solution
⚫ Find the intersection of the two known properties, dry-bulb
and wet-bulb temperatures, on the psychrometric chart.
⚫ The dry-bulb temperature is located along the bottom horizontal axis. Find
the line for 78°F, which runs vertically through the chart.
⚫ Wet-bulb temperature is located along diagonal dotted lines
leading to scale readings at the upper, curved boundary
marked "saturation temperature".
⚫ The intersection of the vertical 78°F dry-bulb line and the diagonal 65°F
wet- bulb line has now established a "state point" for the measured air. Now
read relative humidity as 50 percent (curving line running from left to right
up through the chart) and dew point temperature as 57.8°F (follow
horizontal line, moving left, toward the curved upper boundary of saturation
temperatures).
⚫ The humidity ratio for air in this example is about 0. 102 lb moisture/ lb
dry air (move right horizontally from state point to humidity ratio scale).

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 Cont…

⚫ Answer
⚫ Relative humidity = 50%
⚫ Dew Point = 57.8 degrees
⚫ Absolute humidity =0.102 lbs water / lb dry
air
⚫ Specific volume = 13.78 cu-ft/lb dry air
38 ⚫ Enthalpy = 30 Btu’s/lbs dry air
 Example 3
⚫ The dry bulb reading is 78°F and the wet bulb is 58°F. Using the
chart determine the following values.

⚫ Answer
⚫ Relative humidity = 28%
⚫ Dew Point = 42 degrees
⚫ Absolute humidity = .0056 lbs water / lb dry air
⚫ Specific volume = 13.65 cu-ft/lb dry air
⚫ Enthalpy = 25 Btu’s/lbs dry air

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 Example 4
⚫ The dry bulb reading is 70°F and the wet bulb is 54°F. Using
the chart determine the following values.

⚫ Answer
⚫ Relative humidity = 33%
⚫ Dew Point = 40 degrees
⚫ Absolute humidity = .0050 lbs water / lb dry air
⚫ Specific volume = 13.45 cu-ft/lb dry air
⚫ Enthalpy = 22.5 Btu’s/lbs dry air

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 Example 5
⚫ The dry bulb reading is 85°F and the wet bulb is 60F. Using
the chart determine the following values.

⚫ Answer
⚫ Relative humidity = 22%
⚫ Dew Point = 41 degrees
⚫ Absolute humidity = .0055 lbs water / lb dry air
⚫ Specific volume = 13.85 cu-ft/lb dry air
⚫ Enthalpy = 26.5 Btu’s/lbs dry air

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 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENSION!

Next class we will try to see

CHAPTER 4
BASIC CONCEPTS OF DAMAGE AND LOSSES