PHYSICS

PROJECT
NAME: SHUBHAM THAKUR
ROLL NO:
TOPIC: TRANSFORMER
SUBMITTED TO: MANISH SIR
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
SHUBHAM THAKUR, a
Student of class 12th S1 has
completed the research on
the belo mentioned project under
the guidance of
Dr. MANISH sir (subject
Teacher) during the year 2023-24
in partial fulfilment
Of physics practical
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my physics teacher
Mrs. KAVITA ARORA, whose invaluable
guidance has been the
one that helped me in this project
and made it a full-proof success her
suggestions and instructions have
served as the major contributors toward
the completion of the
project. Then I would like to thank
my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful
in various phases of the completion of the
project.
 INTRODUCTIO
N
The transformer is a device used for converting low Alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice versa.
A transformer based on principle of mutual
induction. According to this principle, the amount of magnetic
flux linked with the coil changing an emf is
induced in neighbouring coil.

A transformer is the electrical device which is used for changing

the AC voltage S. A transformer is most widely used in both low
and high current circuit.

As such transformer are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In

electronic measurement and control circuits. Transformer size
may also be small, less than it wait only a few tons of grams.
Whereas in high voltage power circuit it may weigh thousand of
tones

In a transformer electrical energy transfer from one circuit to

another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer that increases the voltage is called step up
transformer. A transformer
that decreases the AC voltage is a step down
transformer. The transformer is therefore an
essential piece of paratus, both for high and low current
circuits.
TO INVESTIGATE T H E R E L A T I ON B
ETWEN THE RATIO OF:

1.INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTA

GE

2.NUMBER O F T U R NIN G S IN T
HE
S ECONDARY C O I LA N D P R
I M AR Y C O I L OF A SELF-M
ADE
T S F O R M E R .N A N A L T E R N A T I N G E . M .
F.ISSUPPLIED
TOTHEPRIMARYCOILP1P2,AN
ALTERNATINGCURRENTSTARTSFALLINGIN
IT.THEALTERNATINGCURRENTINTHE
PRIMARYPRODUCESACHANGINGMAGNETIC
FLUX,WHICHINDUCES
ALTERNATINGVOLTAGEINTHEPRIMARYAS
WELLASINTHESECONDARY.INAGOODTRANSFORME
R,WHOLEOFTHEMAGNETIC
FLUXLINKEDWITHPRIMARYISALSOLINKEDWITHTHESE
CONDARYISEQUALTOTHAT

INDUCEDINEACHTURNOFTHEPRIMARY.

THUSIFEPANDESARETHEINSTANTANEOUS
VALUESOFTHEE.M.F’SINDUCEDINTHE
PRIMARYSECONDARYCOILSOF THE

TRANSFORMERAND

DΦ/DT=RATEOFCHANGEOFFLUXINEACH
TURNOFFOFTHECOILATTHISINSTANT,WE
HAVE

EP=-NPDΦ/DT…...................(1)

ANDES=-NSDΦ/DT…..................(2)

SINCETHEABOVERELATIONSARETRUEAT
EVERYINSTANT,
SOBYDIVING2BY1,

WEGETES/EP=-NS/NP.....................
.........(3)
A SEPISTHEINSTANTANEOUSVALUEOF
B ACKE.M.FINDUCEDINTHEPRIMARYCOIL
P1,THEINSTANTANEOUSCURRENTINTHE
PRIMARYCOILISDUETOTHEDIFFERENCE

(E–EP)INTHEINSTANTANEOUSVALUEOFTHE
APPLIEDANDBACKE.M.F.FURTHER,IFRPIS
THERESISTANCE,P1P2COILISGIVENBY IP=E
-EP/RP

E-EP=IPRP
THUSBACKE.M.F=INPUTE.M.F
HENCEEQUATION3CANBEWRITTENAS
ES/EP=ES/E
=OUTPUTE.M.F =INPUTE.M.F
=NS/NP=K

WHEREKISTHECONSTANTTURNOR

TRANSFORMATIONRATIO.
ES<ESOK<1,HENCENS<NP

IFIP=VALUEOFSECONDARY
PRIMARYCURRENTATTHESAMEINSTAN
TAND

IS=VALUEOF SECONDARYCURREN
TATTHISINSTANT,

THEINPUTPOWERATTH
EINSTANT=EPIPAND

OUTPUTPOWERATTHES
AMEINSTANT
=ESIS

IFTHEREARENOLOSSESOF POWER
INTHETRANSFORMER,THENINPU
TPOWER=OUTPUTPOWER

OR
EPIP=ESIS

OR
ES/EP=IP/IS=K
ES>ESOK>1,HENCENS>NPAS,K>1,SOIP>ISISO
R
IS>IP

THEREFORE.CURRENTINSECONDARYISWEAK
ERWHENSECONDARYVOLTAGEISHIGHER.

HENCE,WHATEVERWEGAININVOLTAGE,WELO
SEINCURRENTINTHESAMERATIO.

S I M I L A R L Y I T C A N B E S H O W N , T H A T I NA S T E P D O
WN

T RANSFORMER,WHATEVERWELOSEI

NVOLTAGE,WEGAININCURRENTINTH

S AMERATIO.

T HUSASTEPUPTRANSFORMERIN
REALITYSTEPSDOWNTHECURRENT&
ASTEPDOWNTRANSFORMERSTEPSU
PTHECURRENT
 EFFICIENCYOFA
TRANSFORMERISDEFINEDAS
THERATIOOFOUTPUTPOWER
TOTHEINPUTPOWER.T
HERFORE.

Η=OUTPUTPOWER/INPUT

POWER =ESIS/EPIP

THUSINANIDEAL
TRANSFORMER,WHERETHERE
ISNOPOWERLOSSES,Η=
1.BUTINACTUALPRACTICE,THERE
AREMANYPOWER
LOSSES,THEREFORETHEEFF
ICIENCYOF
TRANSFORMERISLESSTHAN
ONE.
 ENERGY LOSSES
1. C O P P E R L O S S I S T H E E N E R G Y L O S S I
NTHEFORMOFHEATINTHECOPPERCOIL
S

OFATRANSFORMER.THISISDUETOJO
ULEHEATINGOFCONDUCTINGWIRES.

2 . I R O N L O S S E S ISTHEENERGYLOSS
IN
THEFORMOFHEATINTHEIRONCOREO
FTHETRANSFORMER.THISISDUETO
FORMATIONOFEDDYCURRENTSINIRO
NCORE.ITISMINIMIZEDBY
TAKINGLAMINATEDCORE
S.

3 . L E A K A G E O F M A G N E T I C F L U X OCCU
RS
INSPITEOFBESTINSULATIONS.THERE,
RATE
OFCHANGEOFMAGNETICFLUXLINKED
WITHEACHTURNOFS1S2ISLESSTHAN
THERATEOFCHANGEOFMAGNETICFLU
X

LINKEDWITHEACHTURNOFP1P2.

4 . H Y S T E R E T I C L O S S ISTHELOS
REPEATEDMAGNETIZATIONAN
DDEMAGNETIZATIONOFTHEIR
O N

COREWHENA.C.ISFEDTOIT.

5 . M A G N E T O S T R I A T I O N I.E.HUMMIN
GNOISEOFATRANSFORMER
APPARATUS REQURED
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1. T A K E T H I C K I R O N R O D A N D C O V E R I T W I T
HATHICKPAPERANDWINDALARGENUMBE
R
OFTURNSOFTHINCUWIREONTHICKPAPER(SAY60).THI
SCONSTITUTESPRIMARYCOILOFTRANSFORMER.

2.COVERTHEPRIMARYCOILWITHASHEET
OFPAPERANDWOUNDRELATIVELYSMALLER
NUMBEROFTURNS(SAY20)OFTHICK
COPPERWIREONIT.THISCONSTITUTESTHE
SECONDARYCOIL.ITISASTEP

DOWNTRANSFORMER.
3.CONNECTP1,P2TOA.CMAINAND
MEASURETHEINPUTVOLTAGEANDCURRENT

USINGA.CVOLTMETERANDAMMETER

RESPECTIVELY.

4.SIMILARLY,MEASURETHEOUTPUT
VOLTAGEANDCURRENTTHROUGHS1AND
S2.

5.NOWCONNECTS1ANDS2TOA.CMAIN
ANDAGAINMEASUREVOLTAGEANDCURR
ENT

THROUGHPRIMARYANDSECONDARYCOIL

OFSTEPUPTRANSFORMER.

6.REPEATALLSTEPSFOROTHERSELF-
MADETRANSFORMERBYCHANGINGNUMBER
OFTURNSINPRIMARYANDSECONDARY
COIL.

USES OF
TRANSFORMER
1.INVOLTAGEREGULATORFORT.V.,REFRIGE
RATOR,COMPUTER,AIR

CONDITIONER,ETC.

2 .ASTEP-DOWNTRANSFORMERINUSEDFOR
3 .ASTEP-DOWNTRANSFORMERISUSEDFORO
BTAININGLARGECURRENT.

4 .ASTEP-UPTRANSFORMERISUSEDFORTHEPR
ODUCTIONOFX–RAYSANDNEONADVERTISEMENT
.

5 .TRANSFORMERAREUSEDINVOLTAGEREGULA
TORSANDSTABILIZIEDPOWER

SUPPLIES.

6.TRANSFORMERAREUSEDINTHETRANSMISSI
ONOFA.C.OVERLONGDISTANCES.

7. S M A L L T R A N S F O R M E R A R E U S E D I
NRADIOSETS,TELEPHONES,
LOUDSPEAKERSANDELECTRICBELLS

ETC

CONCLUSION
AMAJORAPPLICATIONOFTRANSFORMERISTO
INCREASESVOLTAGEBEFORETRANSMITTING
ELECTRICALENERGYOVERLONGDISTANCE
THROUGHWIRES.WIRESHAVERESISTANCEAN
D
SODISSIPATEELECTRICALENERGYATARATEPROPORTIO
NALTOTHESQUAREOFTHECURRENTTHROUGHTHEWIRE
.
BYTRANSFORMINGELECTRICALPOWERTOA
HIGH-VOLTAGE(ANDTHEREFORLOW-CURRENT)
AFTERWARD,TRANSFORMERSENABLE
ECONOMICALTRANSMISSIONOFPOWEROVER
LONGDISTANCE.CONSEQUENTLY,
TRANSFORMERSHAVESHAPEDTHE
ELECTRICALSUPPLYINDUSTRY,PERMITTING
GENERATIONTOBELOCATEDREMOTELY
FROMPOINTSOFDEMAND.ALLBUTATINY
FRACTIONOFTHEWORLD’SELECTRICALPOW
ER
HASPASSEDTHROUGHASERIESOFTRANSFORMSBYTH
ETIMEITREACHESTHECONSUMER.
TRANSFORMERAREALSOUSEDEXTENSIVELYIN
ELECTRONICPRODUCTSTOSTEPDOWNTHE
SUPPLYVOLTAGETOALEVELSUITABLEFORTHE
LOWVOLTAGECIRCUITSTHEYCONTAIN.THE
TRANSFORMERALSOUSEDELECTRICALLYISOLATESTHEE
NDUSERFROMCONTACTWITHTHESUPPLYVOLTAGE.
TRANSFORMERRANGEINSIZEFROMA
THUMBNAIL-SIZEDCOUPLINGTRANSFORMER
HIDDENINSIDEASTAGEMICROPHONETOHUGEUNITWEIGHIN
G
HUNDREDSOFTONSUSEDINPOWER
STATIONS,ORTOINTERCONNECT
PORTIONSOFPOWERGRIDS.ALLOP
ERATE
ONTHESAMEBASICPRINCIPLES,ALTHOUGH
THERANGEOFDESIGNSISWIDE.WHILENEW
TECHNOLOGIESHAVEELIMINATEDTHENEEDFORTRANS
FORMERSINSOMEELECTRONIC
CIRCUITS,TRANSFORMERSARESTILLFOUND
INNEARLYALLELECTRONICDEVICES
DESIGNEDFORHOUSEHOLD(“MAINS”)
VOLTAGE.TRANSFORMERAREESSENTIAL
FORHIGH-VOLTAGEELECTRICALPOWER
TRANSMISSION,WHICHMAKESLONGDISTANCETR
ANSMISSIONECONOMICALLY
PRACTICAL.SINGLEANDAUDIO
TRANSFORMERAREUSEDTOCOUPLE
STAGESOFAMPLIFIERANDTOMATCH
DEVICESSUCHASMICROPHONESAND
RECORDPLAYERSTOTHEINPUTOFTH
E
AMPLIFIERS.AUDIOTRANSFORMER
ALLOWED
TELEPHONECIRCUITTOCARRYONATWOWAYCONSERV
ATIONOVERASINGLEPAIR
OFWIRES.ABALUNTRANSFORMER
CONVERTSASINGLETHATISREFERENCED
TOGROUNDTOASIGNALTHATHAS
BALANCEDVOLTAGETOGROUND,SUCHA
S
BETWEENEXTERNALCABLESANDINTERN
ALCIRCUITS.

PRECAUSTION
1.THELOSSOFPOWERINTHE
TRANSMISSIONLINESISI2R,WHEREI
ISSTRENGTHOFCURRENTANDRISTHE
RESISTANCEOFWIRES.TOREDUCE
THEPOWERLOSS,A.C.ISTRANSMITTED
OVERLONGDISTANCEAT

EXTREMELYHIGHVOLTAGES.THISREDUCESIIN
THESAMERATIO.THEREFORE,I2RBECOMESNE
GLIGIBLYLOW.

2.PERMEABILITYOFMAGNETICMATERIALOFTRA
NSFORMERCOREMUSTBEHIGH.

3. O I L I N G I N T R A N S F O R M E R P R O V I D E
4 .THETRANSFORMERCOREMUSTBELAMINATED
TOMINIMIZELOSSOFENERGYDUETOEDDYCUR
RENTS.

5. S A F E T Y F R O M H I G H V O L T A G E I

SMAINTAINED.

BIBLIOGRAPG
HY
1 .NCERTTEXTBOOKCLAS
S12TH

2 . H.C.VERMA,1STEDITI
ON.

3 .QUARA

4 .GOOGLE