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Wastewater Engineering and Sanitation

Kandahar University

Engineering Faculty

Water and Environmental Engineering Department

Chapter # 6 Sewer Appurtenances

2 Contents
 Introduction
 Inlets
 Catch basins
 Clean out
 Manholes
 Drop manholes
 Lamp holes
 Flushing device
 Grease and oil traps
 Inverted siphons
 Storm water overflow devices or storm water regulators
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Introduction

Sewers appurtenances are those structures and devices of sewerage system which
are constructed at suitable intervals along a sewer line to assist in the efficient
operation and maintenance of the system.

Following are the important sewer appurtenances.

(1) Inlets (2) Catch basins
(3) Clean-outs (4) Manholes
(5) Drop manholes (6) Lamp-holes
(7) Flushing devices (8) Grease and oil traps
(9) Inverted siphons
(10) Storm water overflow devices or storm water regulators.
4 1. Inlets
An inlet is a small box like chamber made of brickwork or concrete having an
opening at the top in vertical or horizontal direction for the entry of storm
water and surface wash.
5 Inlets cont.…
Location of inlets
 Side of the roads.
 Intersections of roads
 In streets
 However, road corner are avoided for this purpose.
Spacing of inlets

 Maximum spacing of inlets depends on condition of road surface, size

and type of inlet and rainfall.

 A maximum spacing is 30m for locating the inlet.

6 Inlets cont….
Type of inlet
A. Curb inlet: (also called vertical inlets): These are vertical opening in the
road curbs through which storm water flow enters the storm water drains.
These are chosen where heavy traffic is expected.
B. Gutter inlet: (also called horizontal inlets): These are horizontal openings
in the gutter which is covered by one or more grating through which storm
water is admitted.

C. Combination inlet: (are composed of a curb and gutter inlet both are
provided to act as a single unit)
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2. Catch Basins or Catch Pits

 Catch basins are provided to stop the entry of heavy debris present in the
storm water into the sewers.
 It is an inlet with its outlet being placed well above its bottom so that
heavy debris such as grit, sand , etc, flowing along with storm water is
allowed to settle down and thus prevent from entering the sewer.
 2. Catch Basins or Catch Pits continue
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3. Clean Outs

It is a pipe which is connected to the underground sewer.

The other end of the clean-out pipe is brought up to ground level and a
cover is placed at ground level.

During blockage of pipe, the cover is taken out and water is forced
through the clean-out pipe to lateral sewers to remove obstacles in the
sewer line. For large obstacles, flexible rod may be inserted through
the clean-out pipe and moved forward and backward to remove such
obstacle.
 3. Clean Outs continue
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 Manholes
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Manholes are the masonry or R.C.C chambers constructed at suitable intervals

along the alignment of sewers.
Manhole helps in inspection, cleaning and maintenance of sewer.
13 Purposes of manholes construction:

1. When pipes change in diameter.

2. Provide access to the sewers.

3. For the purpose of inspection, testing, cleaning and removal of

obstructions from the sewer lines.

4. Change of direction.

5. Change of slope.

6. Intersection of pipes.
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Spacing of manholes

For sewer up to 0.3 m diameter or sewers which cannot be entered for

cleaning or inspection the maximum spacing between the manholes
recommended is 30 m, and 300 m spacing for pipe greater than 2.0 m diameter
(Table 6.1).

A spacing allowance of 100 m per1 m diameter of sewer is a general rule in

case of very large sewers.
15 Classification of manholes

Depending upon the depth the manholes can be classified as:

(a) Shallow Manholes

(b) Normal Manholes, and

(c) Deep Manholes

 Classification of manholes continue
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A. Shallow manholes: These are 0.7 to 0.9 m depth, constructed at the start
of the branch sewer or at a place not subjected to heavy traffic conditions.
These are provided with light cover at top and called inspection chamber.
 Classification of manholes continue
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B. Normal manholes: These manholes are 1.5 m deep with dimensions 1.0
m x 1.0 m square or rectangular with 1.2 m x 0.9 m.

These are provided with heavy cover at its top to support the anticipated traffic
load.
18 Classification of manholes continue

C. Deep manholes:
1. The depth of these manholes is more than 2 m.

2. The section of such manhole is not uniform.

3. The size in upper portion is reduced by providing an offset.

4. Steps are provided for descending into the manhole.

5. These are provided with heavy cover at top to support the traffic load.
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C. Deep manholes
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Component part of manholes
1. Access shaft: The upper portion of a deep manhole is known as access
shaft.

2. Working chamber: The lower portion of a manhole is known as working

chamber which provides working space to carry out cleaning and
inspection of a sewer line.

3. Base and side walls: A bed generally of plain cement concrete, is provided
at the base to support the side walls of the manholes and to prevent the
entry of ground water.
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Component part of manholes continue

4. Bottom or invert: at the bottom of the manhole a semicircular or U-

shaped channel of cement concrete of diameter equal to that sewer is
constructed.

5. Steps or ladder: in order to facilitate entry and exit of workers steps or

rungs are provided in all manhole of depth more than 0.8m.

6. Cover and frame: the opening at the top of a manhole is provided with
a cover set in a frame.
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5. Drop manholes
A type of manhole used when the difference of elevation between the inlet
pipe and the outlet pipe is ≥ 60cm. The drop manhole has a vertical pipe to
prevent turbulence in the manhole and to allow the maintenance works to enter
the manholes safely.
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5. Drop manholes continue
 6. Lamp - Holes
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It is an opening or hole constructed in a sewer for purpose of lowering a lamp

inside it. It consists of stoneware or concrete pipe, which is connected to sewer
line through a T-junction.

This lamp hole can also be used for

flushing the sewers. If the top cover is
perforated it will also help in ventilating
the sewer, such lamp hole is known as
fresh air inlet.
 Lamp – holes cont….
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7 - Flushing devices

In flat ground for branch sewers, when it is not possible to obtain self
cleansing velocity at all flows, due to very little flow, it is necessary to
incorporate flushing device.

Flushing manholes are provided at the head of the sewers. Sufficient

velocity shall be imparted in the sewer to wash away the deposited solids.
In case of heavy chocking in sewers, care should be exercised to ensure
that there is no possibility of back flow of sewage into the water supply
mains.
27 7 - Flushing devices continue
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Classification flushing devices
A. Hand operated flushing devices
• The flushing of sewer may be carried out by the use of a fire hydrant
and a fire hose Or by water may be derived from a tanker through a
hose for flushing of sewer.

• The outlet from the manhole is closed by suitable arrangement such as a

sluice valve or gate. sewage accumulating in the manhole. when
sufficient quantity of sewage is accumulated the outlet from the
manhole is opened.

• Both the outlet and the inlet of the manhole are closed by suitable
arrangement such as sluice valves of gates and the manhole is then
filled with water from outside .
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Classification flushing devices continue

B. Flushing tanks
Are the tanks or chambers in which water is stored and discharged at intervals
into the sewers for flushing them.
Capacity of tank as per the Indian standard IS:4111(part 2)-1991
The approximate quantity of flushing water per flush over a length of 75m to
90m is as follow.
Diameter of sewer (mm) Quantity of water (liters)
250 1400 to 1700
350 1700 to 2700
400 2700 to 3600
450 3600 to 4500
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B. Flushing tanks
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8 - Grease and oil traps
For the institutions, commercial units, restaurants and other places which produce oil and
grease in there effluent, a grease and oil trap should be used to remove oil and grease
before they enter the sewage pipes.
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9 - Inverted siphon

When an obstruct such as railway or a river obstructs the sewer line

the sewers can be lowered below these obstacles.
34 Design consideration of inverted siphons
1. Construction should be simple.

2. The velocity in siphon should not be generally less then 1 m/s .

3. We use two pipes siphons for separate or partially separate sewerage system , the first taking
up to 1.5 times the average dry weather flow and the second pipe taking the balance of the
flow.

a. First pipe to carry up to 1.5 times the average dry weather flow.

b. Second pipe to carry from 1.5 times to 3 times dry weather flow.

c. Remaining pipes to carry the remainder of the flow which will usually be the storm
water flow in excess of the carried by first and second pipes.

d. Head loss should be consider.

 Design consideration of inverted siphons cont…
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4. Minor loss should be consider.

5. Friction loss should be consider.

6. The inlet and outlet chamber should be large enough.

7. Siphon length when more then 100m the clean out should be installed.
36 10 - Storm water overflow devices or storm water regulators

Construct in a combined system of sewerage to control them. To prevent

overloading of pumping station, treatment plants or of disposal
arrangements.

They are in three types

A - Side flow weirs or over flow weirs: A side flow weir or flow weir is
provided along one or both sides of the sewer channel constructed in a
manhole or masonry chamber constructed along a combined sewer.
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38 10 - Storm water overflow devices cont…

B - Leaping weirs or jumping weirs: A leaping weir or jumping weir is

designed by a gap in the invert of a combined sewer.
 10 - Storm water overflow devices cont…
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C- Siphon spillways: Siphon spillway used for diverting surplus sewage

from a combined sewer.
40 EXAMPLE 6.1

A sever line carrying an average dry weather flow of 200 liters per second has across a
stream. Design a three pipe inverted siphon for this purpose, if tis length including the
slopes, measured along the center line is 90m . The invert level at the inlet and outlet ends of
the sewer are 151.50m and 151.05m respectively . The maximum flow of sewage including
dry weather flow and storm water flow may be assumed as 6 times average dry weather
flow. The division of flow between different pipes may be adopted as follows:
first pipe to carry up to 1.5 times average dry weather flow; second pipe from 1.5 times to 3
times dry weather flow; and third pipe to carry the remaining flow.
Assume minor losses as 0.06m, and self cleansing velocity of 1.2m/s.
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Solution

Average DWF =200 l/s=0.2/S

Qmax for first pipe =1.50.2=0.3/S
V =1.2m/S

Q=AV 0.3 = d=0.564m=564mm

For first pipe D = 550mm
Actual velocity of flow v = = 1.26m/S
42 Solution Cont…

Use Manning's formula

V=V=1.26m/s , n=0.013(assumed), R =
x (0.1375)2/3 S1/2 S=0.0038
hf=S = 0.003

Hm= 0.06m
Total H = 0.342+0.06=0.402m
Maximum available head = 151.5-151.05=0.45m

since the total head loss is less than the available head, the design is
satisfactory.
43 Solution Cont…
First pipe: 550mm diameter v=1.26m/s
For second pipe:- Qmax = (3-1.5) 0.2 = 0.3/S
Since the first and second pipes are equal because D=D
Second pipe:550mm diameter v=1.26m/s
For third pipe:- Qmax = (60.2) - 0.3 - 0.3 = 0.6/S Q=AV
0.6 = d = 0.798m = use d=750mm
Actual velocity of flow v = = 1.36m/S
44 Solution Cont…

V=V=1.36m/S , n=0.013(assumed), R=
x(0.1875)2/3S1/2 S=0.0029
Hf=S = 0.0029
Hm = 0.06m
H = 0.261+0.06=0.321m
Maximum available head = 0.45m
Since the total head loss is less than the available head, the design is satisfactory.
Hence the sizes of the three pipes are as follows :
First pipe:550mm diameter
Second pipe:550mm diameter
Third pipe:750mm diameter
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