MATRICES

EXERCISE 3(B)
 MATRICES

Question

I.
Find the following products wherever possible.
5 
i ) 1 4 2 1 
 
3

Sol : 5 
1 4 213 1  1  5  4  1  2  3
3 31
  5  4  6 

 511
 MATRICES
Question

1 
2 1 4  
ii )   2
 6 2 3  1 

 

Sol : 1 
2 1 4    2  1  1 2  4  1 
 6 2 3   2   
  1  6  1  ( 2)  2  3  1
 

 224 
 
 6   4   3 

8 
 
5 
 MATRICES

Question

3 2   4 1
iii )   2 5 
1 6  

Sol :
3 2   4 1 3  4  (2)  2 3  1  (2)  5 
1 6   2 5   
    1  4  6  2 1  1  6  5 

12   4  3  10 
 
 4  12 1  30 

 8 13
 
16 29  22
 MATRICES
Question

 2 2 1   2 3 4 
iv) 1 0 2   2 2 3
  
 2 1 2   1 2 2 

 2 2 1   2 3 4 
Sol : 1 0 2   2 2 3
  
 2 1 2   1 2 2 

 2  2  2  2  1  1 2  3  2  2  1 2 2  4  2  3  1 2 
 1  2  0  2  2  1 1  3  0  2  2  2 1 4  0  3  2  2 
 
 2  2  1  2  2  1 2  3  1 2  2  2 2  4  1  3  2  2 

 4  4  1 6  4  2 8  6  2 
  2  0  2  3  0  4 4  0  4 
 
 4  2  2 6  2  4 8  3  4 

1 0 0 
 0 1 0
 
0 0 1 
 MATRICES

Question

3 4 9 
  13 2 0 
v) 0 1 5 
   0 4 1 
 2 6 12 

Sol : 3 4 9 
  13 2 0 
Let A  0 1 5 and B   
   0 4 1  23
 2 6 12  33

Matxix multiplication AB is not possible,

Since the no. of columns of matrix A is not equal to no. of rows of matrix B
 MATRICES

Question

1
  2 1 4
vi ) 2 
   6 2 3 
 1 

Sol : 1
  2 1 4
Let A  2 and B   
   6 2 3  23
 1  31

Matxix multiplication AB is not possible,

Since the no. of columns of matrix A is not equal to no. of rows of matrix B
 MATRICES

Question

 1 1 1 1
vii )   1 1
 1 1  

Sol :  1 1 1 1
 1 1  1 1
  

1  1  (1)  1 1  1  ( 1)  1
 
  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 
 11 11 
 
 1  1 1  1
0 0
 
0 0
 MATRICES

Question

0 c b   a 2 ab ac 
 
viii )  c 0 a   ab b 2 bc 
 
 b  a 0   ac bc c 2 

Sol : 0 c b   a 2 ab ac 
 c 0  
a   ab b 2 bc 
 
 b  a 0   ac bc c 2 

0  a 2  abc  abc 0  ab  b 2c  b 2c 0  ac  bc 2  bc 2 
 
  a 2c  0  a 2c  abc  0  abc  ac 2  0  ac 2 
 a 2b  a 2b  0 ab 2
 ab 2
0 abc  abc  0 

0 0 0
 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 
 MATRICES
Question
 2 3
 1 2 3   4 5 , do AB and BA exist ? If they exist ,
2. If A    and B 
 4 2 5   
 2 1 
find them. Do A and B commute with respect to multiplication ?
Sol : Order of A is 2  3 and order of B is 3  2
The product AB and BA both exist .  2 3
 1 2 3
 2 3 BA   4 5 
 1 2 3     4 2 5
AB    4 5  2 1 
 4 2 5  2 1
   2  1  3  4 2  2  3  2 2  3  3  5 
  4  1  5  4 4  2  5  2 4  3  5  5
 
1  2  (2)  4  3  2 1  3  ( 2)  5  3  1  2  1  1  4 2  2  1  2 2  3  1  5 
 
 4  2  2  4  5  2 4  3  2  5  5  1 
 2  12 4  6 6  15 
 28 6 3  10  3    4  20 8  10 12  25
  
  2  4 4  2 6  5 
 8  8  10 12  10  5
 10 2 21
 0 4 
    16 2 37 
10 3   
 2 2 11 
 MATRICES
Question

I.
 4 2
3. Find A , where A  
2

 1 1 

Sol :
A2  A  A

 4 2  4 2
  
 1 1   1 1 
 4  4  2  1 4  2  2  1 
 
 1  4  1   1  1  2  1  1
16   2  8  2  14 10 
   
 4  1 2  1  5 1 22
 MATRICES

Question

I.
 i 0
4. If A    , find A 2

 0 i 

Sol :  i 0  i 0
A 
2
 
0 i  0 i 
i 2  0 0  0 
 2
 0  0 0  i 

 1 0 
  i 2  1
 0 1
1 0 
  1    I
 0 1 
 MATRICES
Question

i 0   0 1 0 i 
5. If A    , B    and C    and I is the unit matrix of order 2, then show that
 0 i  1 0   i 0
i ) A2  B 2  C 2   I ii ) AB   BA  C
0 i  0 i 
Sol : C 
2
 
i 0  i 0  0 1 0 1  i 0  i 0
i) A  
2
  0 i  B 
2
 1 0 
 0  i    1 0  
i 2 0
i 2 0   1 0   
 2  i2 
0 i  0
   0 1
 1 0
 1 0 
 1 0  1
0 1   
0
0 1  1 0
1 0  
   I 1 
0 1  0
 I
 I
 A2  B 2  C 2   I
 MATRICES
Question

i 0   0 1 0 i 
5. If A    , B    and C    and I is the unit matrix of order 2, then show that
 0 i  1 0   i 0
i ) A2  B 2  C 2   I ii ) AB   BA  C

Sol :  i 0  0 1 0 1  i 0 

ii ) AB    1 0   BA      0 i 
 0  i    1 0  
 0 i 
  0 i 
  i 0    
 i 0 
0 i 
    C
 i 0 

 C

 AB   BA  C
 MATRICES
Question
I.
 2 1 3 2 0 
6. If A    ,B    find AB and BA, if it exists
 1 3 1 0 4 
Sol :  2 1  3 2 0 
AB    
1 3 1 0 4 
 2  3  1 1 2  2  1 0 2  0  1 4 
 
1  3  3  1 1  2  3  0 1  0  3  4 
6 1 4  0 0  4  3 2 0   2 1 
  BA  
 3  3 2  0 0  12   
1 0 4  1 3
7 4 4  BA does not exist
 
 6 2 12  sin ce number of columns in B
 Number of rows in A
 MATRICES
Question

I.
 2 4
7. If A    and A 2
 O then find the value of k
 1 k 

Sol : A2  O

 2 4   2 4  0 0 
 1 k   1 k    0 0 
    

 4   4  8  4k  0 0 
 2
 
 2  k 4  k   0 0 
8  4k  0
4k  8
k  2
 MATRICES

Question
II
3 0 0
1. If A  0 3 0  , then find A4 .
 
0 0 3 

Sol : 2 A4  A2  A2
A  A A
3 0 0 3 0 0 9 0 0  9 0 0 
 0 3 0  0 3 0   0 9 0  0 9 0 
     
0 0 3 0 0 3  0 0 9  0 0 9 

9 0 0  81 0 0 
 0 9 0   0 81 0 
   
0 0 9   0 0 81
 MATRICES

Question
1 1 3
2. If A   5 2 6  , then find A3 .
 
 2 1 3
Sol :
2
A  A A A3  A2  A
 1 1 3  1 1 3   0 0 0  1 1 3 
  5 2 6  5 2 6    3 3 9  5 2 6 
  
  
 2 1 3  2 1 3  1 1 3  2 1 3

 1 5  6 1 2  3 369   0 0 0 
 5  10  12 5  4  6 15  12  18   3  15  18 3  6  9 9  18  27 
   
 2  5  6 2  2  3 6  6  9   1  5  6 1  2  3 3  6  9 

0 0 0 0 0 0
3 3 9  0 0 0
   
 1 1 3 0 0 0 
 MATRICES
Question  4  6  6 5  4  8 4  4  5 
1 2 1    036 0 28 025 
 
3.If A  0 1 1 then find A3  3 A2  A  3I 12  3  6 15  2  8 12  2  5 
 
 3 1 1  16 17 13 
Sol : A2  A  A   9 10 7 
 
1 2 1  1 2 1   21 25 19 
 0 1 1 0 1 1 A3  3 A2  A  3I
  
 3 1 1   3 1 1  16 17 13   4 5 4  1 2 1 
1  0  3 2  2  1 1  2  1   9 10 7   3  3 2 2   0 1 1
     
 0  0  3 0  1  1 0  1  1  21 25 19   6 8 5   3 1 1 
 
3  0  3 6  1  1 3  1  1 1 0 0
 4 5 4 3 0 1 0
 
  3 2 2  0 0 1 
 
 6 8 5  16  12  1  3 17  15  2 13  12  1 
1 2 1   4 5 4    9  9  0  0 10  6  1  3 7  6  1 
 
A3  A  A2  0 1 1  3 2 2   21  18  3 25  24  1 19  15  1  3
  
 3 1 1   6 8 5  0 0 0 
 0 0 0   O
 
0 0 0 
 MATRICES
Question a2 2ab 
1 0  0 1   
4. If I   0 a2 
0 1  and E  0 0  then show
   
 aI  bE    aI  bE   aI  bE 
3 2

that  aI  bE   a 3 I  3a 2bE where I is

3

unit matrix of order 2 a2 2ab   a b

  
0 a2  0 a 
Sol : aI  bE  a 1 0   b 0 1 
0 1  0 0  a 3  0 a 2 b  2a 2 b 
     3 
 0 a 
 a 0  0 b 
    a3 3a 2b 
 0 a  0 0  
0 a3 
a b 
  a3 0   0 3a 2b 
 0 a   
3 
0 a  0 0 
a b  a b 
 aI  bE 
2
  0 a 1 0  2 0 1
 0 a   a 
3
 3a b  
 0 1   0 0 
 a 2  0 ab  ba 
 2 
 0  0 0  a   a 3 I  3a 2bE
 MATRICES
III . Assume that S (k ) is true.
1. If A  diag a1 , a2 , a3 , then for any  a1k 0 0
int eger n  1 show that An  diag a1n , a2n , a3n   
.i.e. S (k ) : Ak   0 a2k 0
Sol : 0 0 a3k 
 a1 0 0 
Given A   0 a2 0 For n  k  1
 
 0 0 a3  Ak 1  Ak . A
 a1n 0 0  a1k 0 0   a1 0 0
   
To show: An   0 a n
2 0  0 a2k 0   0 a2 0
 
0 0 a3n  0 0 a3k   0 0 a3 
 
We prove this by u sin g Pr inciple  a1k 1 0 0 
 
 0 a2k 1 0 
of mathematical induction
 0 0 a3k 1 

Let S (n) : An  diag  a1n , a2n , a3n 
 S (k  1) is true.
 a1 0 0
For n  1, A1   0 a2 0 Hence by the principle of mathematical
 
 0 0 a3  induction, the S (n) is true n  N .
 S (1) is true
 MATRICES
Question

  cos 2  cos  sin    cos 2  cos  sin  

2. If     , then show that    O
2 cos  sin  sin 2   cos  sin  sin 2  
 
Sol : Given       
2 2
 
cos   cos       sin 
2 
 
sin   sin      cos 
2 
 cos 2  cos  sin    cos 2  cos  sin  
L.H .S .    
 cos  sin  sin 2   cos  sin  sin 2  

 sin 2   sin  cos    cos 2  cos  sin  

  
  sin  cos  cos 2   cos  sin  sin 2  

sin 2  cos 2   sin 2  cos 2  sin 3  cos   sin 3  cos   0 0

 2 
   O
  cos  sin   cos  sin   sin  cos   cos  sin  
3 3 2 2 2
0 0
 MATRICES
3 4  For n  k  1
3.If A    , then showthat
1  1 1  2  k  1 4  k  1 
To show : Ak 1   
1  2n 4n   k  1 1  2( k  1) 
A 
n
 for any int eger
 n 1  2 n  3  2k 4k  4 

n  1 , by u sin g mathematical induction  k 1 2k  1 
Sol : 1  2n 4n  Ak 1  Ak . A
Let S (n) : A  n

 n 1  2n 
1  2k 4k  3 4 
1  2(1) 4(1)    1 1
For n  1, A  
1
 k 1  2 k  
1 1  2(1) 
 
3  6 k  4 k 4  8k  4k 


3 4 
 3k  1  2k 4k  1  2k 
1 1
 
3  2 k 4  4k 
 S (1) is true 
 k 1 2k  1 
Assume that S (k ) is true.
 S (k  1) is true.
1  2k 4k 
.i.e. S (k ) : Ak   Hence by the principle of mathematical
 k 1  2k 
induction, the S (n) is true n  N .
 MATRICES
Question
0 0 0 0
BA    
4.Give examples of two square  0 1  1 0 
matrices A and B of the same order
0 0
for which AB  O but BA  O   O
1 0 
Sol : BA  O
0 0 0 0
A  B 
1 0  0 1 
0 0 0 0 
AB    0 1 
 1 0  
0 0
  O
0 0
AB  O
 MATRICES
5. A trust has to invest Rs 30,000 in two different
 5 x 7 30000  x  
  1800
types of bonds .The first bond pays 5% interest
 
per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per
100 100 
year .Using matrix multiplication determine how
to divided Rs 30,000 among the two types of bonds, 5 x  210000  7 x
if the trust fund must obtain an annual total interest  1800
100
of (a) Rs 1800 and (b) Rs 2000.
Sol : Let the amount invested in the bond 2 x  210000  180000
which gives 5% rate of interest be Rs 'x'. 2 x  30000
 Amount invested in the bond which
x  15000
gives 7% rate of interest is Rs (30000-x).
 30000  x  30000  15000
a )1800
 15000
Amt. in Amt. in Rate of  Amt invested in two bonds is
1st bond 2 st bond int erest Rs 15000 each
 5 / 100 
x 30000  x  7 / 100   1800
 
 MATRICES

b)2000
Amt. in Amt. in Rate of
1st bond 2 st bond int erest
 5 / 100 
x 30000  x     2000
7 / 100 
 5 x 7 30000  x  
    2000
100 100 
5 x  7 x  210000
 2000
100
2 x  210000  200000
2 x  10000
x  5000
 30000  x  30000  5000  25000
The amount invested in two bonds are 5000 & 25000 respectively
 MATRICES
 cos  sin   Assume that S (k ) is true.
Example : If A=  then show that for
  sin  cos  
 cos k sin k 
.i.e. S (k ) : Ak  
all the positive integers n, An  
 cos n sin n 
   sin k cos k 
  sin n cos n 
 cos  sin   For n  k  1
Sol : Given A  
  sin  cos   k 1  cos k sin k   cos  sin  
A  A .A 
k

  sin k cos k    sin  cos  
 cos n sin n 
To prove An  
  sin n cos n   cos k .cos   sin k sin  cos k .sin   sin k cos  

  sin k cos   cos k sin   sin k sin   cos k cos  
We prove this by using Principle of
 cos A.cos B  sin A sin B  cos  A  B 
mathematical induction  
 sin A.cos B  cos A sin B  sin  A  B  
 cos n sin n 
Let S (n) : An     cos  k    sin  k    
  sin n cos n  
 sin  k    cos  k    
For n  1,  
 cos  sin    cos  k  1 sin  k  1 
L.H .S .  A1  A     
  sin  cos     sin  k  1 cos  k  1 

 cos(1   ) sin(1   )   S (k  1) is true.

R.H .S .   
  sin(1   ) cos(1   )  Hence by the principle of mathematical
 S (1) is true induction, the S (n) is true n  N .
 Principle of mathematical induction.

Statement : For each n  N , let S (n) be a statement. Suppose that

i ) S (1) is true
ii ) for any k  N , if S (k ) is true, then S (k  1) is true.
Then S (n) is true for all n  N .

Example Q1 Q3
 [ ]
3 2
1 −2 1𝐴 −3 𝐴 − 𝐴−3 𝐼
𝐴= 0 1 −1

[
1 16 −17 13
][ ][ ][
3 −1 12 −15 12 1 −2 1 3 0 0
¿ −9 10 −7 − − 9 6 −6 − 0 1 −1 − 0 3 0
21 −25 19 18 −24 15 3 −1 1 0 0 3

[ ] ¿− 9+9 − 0 −0 10 −6 −1− 3 −7 +6+ 1− 0

4 −5 4
2
𝐴 = −3 2 −2
6 −8 5 16 −12 −1 −3−17 +15+ 2− 0 13 −12 −1 −0
21 −18 −3 − 0−25 +24 +1− 0 19 −15 −1 −3
[ ]
16 − 17 13
3
𝐴 = −9 10 −7
21 − 25 19

[ ]
0 0 0
¿ 0 0 0

[ ]
4 −5 4 0 0 0
2
3 𝐴 = 3 −3 2 −2
6 −8 5
=O

[ ]
12 − 15 12
¿ −9 6 −6
18 − 24 15

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 3 0 0
3 𝐼 =3 0 1 0 = 0 3 0
0 0 1 0 0 3