Chapter 6

IoT Systems –
Logical Design using Python

Course Faculty:
Prof. Triveni.C.L
Dept of ECE
MCE Hassan
Outline

• Introduction to Python
• Installing Python
• Python Data Types & Data Structures
• Control Flow
• Functions
• Modules
• Packages
• File Input/Output
• Date/Time Operations
• Classes
Python
• Python is a general-purpose high level programming language and
suitable for providing a solid foundation to the reader in the area of
cloud computing.

• The main characteristics of Python are:

• Multi-paradigm programming language
• Python supports more than one programming paradigms including object-oriented
programming and structured programming
• Interpreted Language
• Python is an interpreted language and does not require an explicit compilation step.
The Python interpreter executes the program source code directly, statement by
statement, as a processor or scripting engine does.
• Interactive Language
• Python provides an interactive mode in which the user can submit commands at the
Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly.
Python - Benefits
• Easy-to-learn, read and maintain
• Python is a minimalistic language with relatively few keywords, uses English keywords and has fewer
syntactical constructions as compared to other languages. Reading Python programs feels like English
with pseudo-code like constructs. Python is easy to learn yet an extremely powerful language for a wide
range of applications.
• Object and Procedure Oriented
• Python supports both procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming. Procedure
oriented paradigm allows programs to be written around procedures or functions that allow reuse of
code. Procedure oriented paradigm allows programs to be written around objects that include both data
and functionality.
• Extendable
• Python is an extendable language and allows integration of low-level modules written in languages
such as C/C++. This is useful when you want to speed up a critical portion of a program.
• Scalable
• Due to the minimalistic nature of Python, it provides a manageable structure for large programs.
• Portable
• Since Python is an interpreted language, programmers do not have to worry about compilation,
linking and loading of programs. Python programs can be directly executed from source
• Broad Library Support
• Python has a broad library support and works on various platforms such as Windows, Linux, Mac,
etc.
Python - Setup

• Windows
• Python binaries for Windows can be downloaded from http://www.python.org/getit .
• For the examples and exercise in this book, you would require Python 2.7 which can be directly downloaded from:
http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.5/python-2.7.5.msi
• Once the python binary is installed you can run the python shell at the command prompt using
> python

• Linux
#Install Dependencies
sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev

#Download Python
wget http://python.org/ftp/python/2.7.5/Python-2.7.5.tgz
tar -xvf Python-2.7.5.tgz
cd Python-2.7.5

#Install Python
./configure
make
sudo make
install
Numbers
• Numbers
• Number data type is used to store numeric values. Numbers are immutable data types, therefore
changing the value of a number data type results in a newly allocated object.

#Integer #Addition #Division

>>>a=5 >>>c=a+b >>>f=b/a
>>>type(a) >>>c 7.5 >>>f 0.5
<type ’int’> >>>type(c) >>>type(f)
<type ‘float’> <type
#Floating Point float’>
>>>b=2.5
>>>type(b) # Subtraction #Power
<type ’float’> >>>d=a-b >>>g=a**2
>>>d 2.5 >>>g 25
#Long >>>type(d)
>>>x=9898878787676L <type ’float’>
>>>type(x)
<type ’long’>
#Multiplication
#Complex >>>e=a*b
>>>y=2+5j >>>e 12.5
>>>y (2+5j) >>>type(e)
>>>type(y) <type ’float’>
<type
’complex’>
>>>y.real
2
>>>y.imag
5
Strings
• Strings
• A string is simply a list of characters in order. There are no limits to the number of characters you can
have in a string.

#Create string #Print string #strip: Returns a copy of the string with the
>>>s="Hello World!" >>>print s Hello #leading and trailing characters removed.
>>>type(s) World!
<type ’str’> >>>s.strip("!")
#Formatting ’Hello World’
#String concatenation output
>>>t="This is sample program." >>>print "The string (The string (Hello World!) has
>>>r = s+t 12 characters
>>>r
’Hello World!This is sample program.’ #Convert to upper/lower case
>>>s.upper() ’HELLO
#Get length of string WORLD!’
>>>len(s) >>>s.lower()
12 ’hello world!’

#Convert #Accessing sub-

string to strings
integer >>>s[0] ’H’
>>>x="100" >>>s[6:]
>>>type(s) ’World!’
<type ’str’> >>>s[6:-1]
>>>y=int(x) ’World’
>>>y
100
 Lists
• Lists
• List a compound data type used to group together other values. List items need not all have the
same type. A list contains items separated by commas and enclosed within square brackets.

#Mixed data types in a list

#Create List #Removing an item from a list >>>mixed=[’data’,5,100.1,8287398L]
>>>fruits=[’apple’,’orange’,’banana’,’mango’] >>>fruits.remove(’mango’) >>>type(mixed)
>>>type(fruits) >>>fruits <type ’list’>
<type ’list’> [’apple’, ’orange’, ’banana’, ’pear’] >>>type(mixed[0])
<type ’str’>
#Get Length of List #Inserting an item to a list >>>type(mixed[1])
>>>len(fruits) 4 >>>fruits.insert(1,’mango’) <type ’int’>
>>>fruits >>>type(mixed[2])
#Access List Elements [’apple’, ’mango’, ’orange’, ’banana’, ’pear’]
>>>fruits[1] ’orange’ <type ’float’>
>>>fruits[1:3] [’orange’, >>>type(mixed[3])
#Combining lists <type ’long’>
’banana’] >>>vegetables=[’potato’,’carrot’,’onion’,’beans’,’r adish’]
>>>fruits[1:] >>>vegetables #Change individual elements of a list
[’orange’, ’banana’, ’mango’] [’potato’, ’carrot’, ’onion’, ’beans’, ’radish’] >>>mixed[0]=mixed[0]+" items"
#Appending an item to a list >>>mixed[1]=mixed[1]+1
>>>eatables=fruits+vegetables >>>mixed[2]=mixed[2]+0.05
>>>fruits.append(’pear’) >>>eatables [’apple’,‘ mango’, ’orange’, banana’,
>>>fruits >>>mixed
’pear’, ’potato’, ’carrot’, ’onion’, ’beans’, ’radish’] [’data items’, 6, 100.14999999999999, 8287398L]
[’apple’, ’orange’, ’banana’,
’mango’, ’pear’]
#Lists can be nested
>>>nested=[fruits,vegetables]
>>>nested
[[’apple’, ’mango’, ’orange’, ’banana’, ’pear’],
[’potato’, ’carrot’, ’onion’, ’beans’, ’radish’]]
Tuples
• Tuples
• A tuple is a sequence data type that is similar to the list. A tuple consists of a number of values
separated by commas and enclosed within parentheses. Unlike lists, the elements of tuples cannot be
changed, so tuples can be thought of as read-only lists.

#Create a Tuple #Get an element from a tuple

>>>fruits=("apple","mango","banana","pineapple") >>>fruits[0]
>>>fruits ’apple’
(’apple’, ’mango’, ’banana’, ’pineapple’) >>>fruits[:2] (’apple’,
’mango’)
>>>type(fruits)
<type ’tuple’> #Combining tuples
>>>vegetables=(’pota
#Get length of tuple to’,’carrot’,’onion’,’rad
>>>len(fruits) 4 ish’)
>>>eatables=fruits+v
egetables
>>>eatables
(’apple’, ’mango’,
’banana’, ’pineapple’,
’potato’, ’carrot’,
’onion’, ’radish’)
 Dictionaries
• Dictionaries
• Dictionary is a mapping data type or a kind of hash table that maps keys to values. Keys in a dictionary can be of any
data type, though numbers and strings are commonly used for keys. Values in a dictionary can be any data type or
object.

#Create a dictionary #Get all keys in a dictionary #Check if dictionary has a key
>>>student={’name’:’Mary’,’id’:’8776’,’major’:’CS’} >>>student.keys() >>>student.has_key(’name’) True
>>>student [’gender’, ’major’, ’name’, ’id’] >>>student.has_key(’grade’) False
{’major’: ’CS’, ’name’: ’Mary’, ’id’: ’8776’}
>>>type(student) #Get all values in a dictionary
<type ’dict’> >>>student.values() [’female’, ’CS’, ’Mary’, ’8776’]

#Get length of a dictionary #Add new key-value pair

>>>len(student) 3 >>>student[’gender’]=’female’
>>>student
#Get the value of a key {’gende
in dictionary r’: ’female’, ’major’: ’CS’, ’name’: ’Mary’, ’id’: ’8776’}
>>>student[’name’] ’Mary’
#A value in a dictionary can be another dictionary
#Get all items in a >>>student1={’name’:’David’,’id’:’9876’,’major’:’ECE’}
dictionary >>>students={’1’: student,’2’:student1}
>>>student.items() >>>students
[(’gender’, ’female’), (’major’, ’CS’), (’name’, ’Mary’), (’id’, {’1’:{’gender’: ’female’, ’major’: ’CS’, ’name’: ’Mary’,
’8776’)] ’id’: ’8776’},
’2’: {‘major’: ’ECE’, ’name’: ’David’, ’id’:
major’:’9876’}}
Type Conversions

• Type conversion examples

#Convert to string #Convert to long

>>>a=10000 >>>long(b) 2013L
>>>str(a)
’10000’ #Convert to list
>>>s="aeiou"
#Convert to int >>>list(s)
>>>b="2013" [’a’, ’e’, ’i’, ’o’, ’u’]
>>>int(b) 2013
#Convert to set
#Convert to >>>x=[’mango’,’apple’,’banana’,’m
float ango’,’banana’]
>>>float(b) >>>set(x)
2013.0 set([’mango’, ’apple’, ’banana’])
 Control Flow – if statement

• The if statement in Python is similar to the if statement in other languages.

>>>a = 25**5 >>>if a>10000: >>>s="Hello World" >>>student={’name’:’Mary’,’id’:’8776’}

>>>if a>10000: if a<1000000: >>>if "World" in s: >>>if not student.has_key(’major’):
print "More" print "Between 10k and 100k" s=s+"!" student[’major’]=’CS’
else: else: print s
print "Less" print "More than 100k" elif >>>student
a==10000: Hello World! {’major’: ’CS’, ’name’: ’Mary’, ’id’: ’8776’}
More print "Equal to 10k"
else:
print "Less than 10k"

More than 100k

 Control Flow – for statement
• The for statement in Python iterates over items of any sequence (list, string, etc.) in the order in which they
appear in the sequence.
• This behavior is different from the for statement in other languages such as C in which an initialization,
incrementing and stopping criteria are provided.

#Looping over characters in a string #Looping over items in a list #Looping over keys in a dictionary

helloString = "Hello World" for c in fruits=[’apple’,’orange’,’banana’,’mango’] i=0 student

for item in fruits: =
helloString: print "Fruit-%d: %s" % (i,item) i=i+1 ’name’: ’Mar y’, id’: ’8776’,’gender’: ’female’, ’major’: ’CS’
print c
for key in student:
’ %s" % (key, student[key]
print "%s:
Control Flow – while statement

• The while statement in Python executes the statements within the while loop as long as the while condition is
true.

#Prints even numbers upto 100

>>> i = 0

>>> while i<=100: if i%2 == 0:

print i i = i+1
Control Flow – range statement

• The range statement in Python generates a list of numbers in arithmetic progression.

#Generate a list of numbers from 0 – 9 #Generate a list of numbers from 10 - 100 with increments
of 10
>>>range (10)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>>range(10,110,10)
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100]
Control Flow – break/continue statements

• The break and continue statements in Python are similar to the statements in C.
• Break #Break statement example
>>>y=1
>>>for x in range(4,256,4):
y = y * x if y > 512:
Break statement breaks out of the for/while loop break
print y
4
32
384

• Continue
#Continue statement example
• Continue statement continues with the next iteration. >>>fruits=[’apple’,’orange’,’banana’,’mango’]
>>>for item in fruits:
if item == "banana":
continue
else:
print item

apple orange mango

Control Flow – pass statement

• The pass statement in Python is a null operation.

• The pass statement is used when a statement is required syntactically but you do not want any command or
code to execute.

>fruits=[’apple’,’orange’,’banana’,’mango’]
>for item in fruits:
if item == "banana": pass
else:
print item

apple orange
mango
Functions

• A function is a block of code that takes information in (in the form of Example of a function in Python
parameters), does some computation, and returns a new piece of
information based on the parameter information. students = { '1': {'name': 'Bob', 'grade': 2.5},
'2': {'name': 'Mary', 'grade': 3.5},
'3': {'name': 'David', 'grade': 4.2},
'4': {'name': 'John', 'grade': 4.1},
• A function in Python is a block of code that begins with the keyword '5': {'name': 'Alex', 'grade': 3.8}}
def followed by the function name and parentheses. The function
parameters are enclosed within the parenthesis.
def averageGrade(students):
“This function computes the average grade”
sum = 0.0
• The code block within a function begins after a colon that comes after for key in students:
the parenthesis enclosing the parameters. sum = sum + students[key]['grade']
average = sum/len(students)
return average

• The first statement of the function body can optionally be a

documentation string or docstring. avg = averageGrade(students)
print "The average garde is: %0.2f" % (avg)
Functions - Default Arguments

• Functions can have default values of the parameters.

• If a function with default values is called with fewer parameters or without any parameter, the default values of the
parameters are used

>>>def displayFruits(fruits=[’apple’,’orange’]):
print "There are %d fruits in the list" % (len(fruits)) for
item in fruits:
print item

#Using default arguments

>>>displayFruits() apple
orange

>>>fruits = [’banana’,
’pear’, ’mango’]
>>>displayFruits(fruits)
banana
pear mango
Functions - Passing by Reference

• All parameters in the Python functions are passed by reference.

• If a parameter is changed within a function the change also reflected back in the calling function.

>>>def displayFruits(fruits):
print "There are %d fruits in the list" % (len(fruits)) for item in fruits:
print item
print "Adding one more fruit" fruits.append('mango')

>>>fruits = ['banana', 'pear', 'apple']

>>>displayFruits(fruits) There are 3 fruits in the list
banana
pear apple

#Adding one more fruit

>>>print "There are %d fruits in the list" % (len(fruits)) There are 4 fruits in the list
 Functions - Keyword Arguments

• Functions can also be called using keyword arguments that identifies the arguments by the parameter name when the
function is called.

#Correct use #name is a formal argument.

>>>printStudentRecords(name=’Alex’) #**kwargs is a keyword argument that receives all
>>>def printStudentRecords(name,age=20,major=’CS’):
Name: Alex arguments except the formal argument as a dictionary.
print "Name: " + name print
Age: 20 Major:
"Age: " + str(age) print
CS >>>def student(name, **kwargs): print
"Major: " + major
"Student Name: " + name for key in
>>>printStudentRecords(name=’Bob’,age=22,major=’EC E’) kwargs:
#This will give error as name is
Name: Bob print key + ’: ’ + kwargs[key]
required argument
Age: 22 Major:
>>>printStudentRecords() Traceback
ECE >>>student(name=’Bob’, age=’20’, major =
(most recent call last):
’CS’)
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
Student Name: Bob age: 20
TypeError: printStudentRecords() takes major: CS
at least 1 argument (0 given) >>>printStudentRecords(name=’Alan’,major=’ECE’)
Name: Alan
Age: 20
Major: ECE
Functions - Variable Length Arguments

• Python functions can have variable length arguments. The variable length arguments are passed to as a tuple to the
function with an argument prefixed with asterix (*)

>>>def student(name, *varargs):

print "Student Name: " + name for item
in varargs:
print item

>>>student(’Nav’) Student
Name: Nav

>>>student(’Amy’, ’Age: 24’) Student

Name: Amy
Age: 24

>>>student(’Bob’, ’Age: 20’, ’Major: CS’) Student

Name: Bob
Age: 20 Major: CS
 Modules
#student module - saved as student.py #Using student module
• Python allows organizing the program >>>import student
def averageGrade(students): sum
code into different modules which = 0.0 >>>students = '1': 'name': 'Bob', 'grade': 2.5,
improves the code readability and for key in students: '2': 'name': 'Mary', 'grade': 3.5,
sum = sum + students[key]['grade'] average = '3': 'name': 'David', 'grade': 4.2,
management. '4': 'name': 'John', 'grade': 4.1,
sum/len(students)
return average '5': 'name': 'Alex', 'grade': 3.8
• A module is a Python file that defines
some functionality in the form of functions def printRecords(students): >>>student.printRecords(students) There are 5
or classes. print "There are %d students" %(len(students)) students
i=1 Student-1:
• Modules can be imported using the import for key in students: Name: Bob Grade: 2.5
print "Student-%d: " % (i) Student-2:
keyword. print "Name: " + students[key]['name'] print Name: David Grade: 4.2
"Grade: " + str(students[key]['grade']) i = i+1 Student-3:
• Modules to be imported must be present Name: Mary Grade: 3.5
in the search path. Student-4:
Name: Alex Grade: 3.8
# Importing a specific function from a module Student-5:
>>>from student import averageGrade Name: John Grade: 4.1

# Listing all names defines in a module >>>avg = student.

>>>dir(student) averageGrade(students)
>>>print "The average
garde3.62
is: %0.2f" % (avg)
Packages

• Python package is hierarchical file structure that consists of # skimage package listing
modules and subpackages. skimage/ Top level package
init .py Treat directory as a package
• Packages allow better organization of modules related to a single
application environment. color/ color subpackage
init .py
colorconv.py
colorlabel.py
rgb_colors.py

draw/ draw subpackage

init .py draw.py
setup.py

exposure/
exposure subpackage
init .py
_adapthist.py
exposure.py

feature/
feature subpackage
init .py
_brief.py
_daisy.py
...
File Handling

• Python allows reading and writing to files using the file # Example of reading an entire file
object. >>>fp = open('file.txt','r')
>>>content = fp.read()
>>>print content This
is a test file.
• The open(filename, mode) function is used to get a >>>fp.close()
file object.
# Example of reading line by line

>>>fp = open('file1.txt','r')
• The mode can be read (r), write (w), append (a), read and >>>print "Line-1: " + fp.readline()
write (r+ or w+), read-binary (rb), write-binary (wb), etc. Line-1: Python supports more than one programming paradigms.
>>>print "Line-2: " + fp.readline()
Line-2: Python is an interpreted language.
>>>fp.close()
• After the file contents have been read the close function is
called which closes the file object. # Example of reading lines in a loop

>>>fp = open(’file1.txt’,’r’)
>>>lines = fp.readlines()
>>>for line in lines:
print line

Python supports more than one programming paradigms. Python is

an interpreted language.
File Handling

# Example of reading a certain number of bytes # Example of seeking to a certain position

>>>fp = open('file.txt','r') >>>fp = open('file.txt','r')

>>>fp.read(10) >>>fp.seek(10,0)
'Python sup' >>>content = fp.read(10)
>>>fp.close() >>>print content ports
more
>>>fp.close()

# Example of getting the current position of read # Example of writing to a file

>>>fp = open('file.txt','r') >>>fo = open('file1.txt','w')

>>>fp.read(10) >>>content='This is an example of writing to a file in
'Python sup' Python.'
>>>currentpos = fp.tell >>>fo.write(content)
>>>print currentpos >>>fo.close()
<built-in method tell of
file object at
0x0000000002391390
>
>>>fp.close()
Date/Time Operations
• Python provides several functions for date and time access and conversions.
• The datetime module allows manipulating date and time in several ways.
• The time module in Python provides various time-related functions.

# Examples of manipulating with date # Examples of manipulating with time

>>>from datetime import date >>>import time

>>>nowtime = time.time()
>>>now = date.today() >>>time.localtime(nowtime)
>>>print "Date: " + now.strftime("%m-%d-%y") Date: 07-24- time.struct_time(tm_year=2013, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=24, tm_ec=51, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=205,
13 tm_isdst=0)

>>>print "Day of Week: " + now.strftime("%A") Day of >>>time.asctime(time.localtime(nowtime)) 'Wed Jul

Week: Wednesday 24 16:14:51 2013'

>>>print "Month: " + now.strftime("%B") Month: July >>>time.strftime("The date is %d-%m-%y. Today is a %A. It is %H hours, %M minutes and %S seconds now.") 'The date
is 24-07-13. Today is a Wednesday. It is 16 hours, 15 minutes and 14 seconds now.'
>>>then = date(2013, 6, 7)
>>>timediff = now - then
>>>timediff.days 47
Classes
• Python is an Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language. Python provides all the standard
features of Object Oriented Programming such as classes, class variables, class methods,
inheritance, function overloading, and operator overloading.
• Class
• A class is simply a representation of a type of object and user-defined prototype for an object that is composed
of three things: a name, attributes, and operations/methods.
• Instance/Object
• Object is an instance of the data structure defined by a class.
• Inheritance
• Inheritance is the process of forming a new class from an existing class or base class.
• Function overloading
• Function overloading is a form of polymorphism that allows a function to have different meanings, depending
on its context.
• Operator overloading
• Operator overloading is a form of polymorphism that allows assignment of more than one function to a
particular operator.
• Function overriding
• Function overriding allows a child class to provide a specific implementation of a function that is already provided by
the base class. Child class implementation of the overridden function has the same name, parameters and return
type as the function in the base class.
 Class Example

• The variable studentCount is a # Examples of a class >>>s = Student(’Steve’,’98928’)

class Student: Constructor called
class variable that is shared by studentCount = 0
all instances of the class >>>s.addGrade(’Math’,’90’)
Student and is accessed by def init (self, name, id): >>>s.addGrade(’Physics’,’85’)
print "Constructor called" self.name >>>s.printGrades()
Student.studentCount. = name Physics: 85
self.id = id Math: 90
• The variables name, id and Student.studentCount = Student.studentCount + 1
grades are instance variables self.grades={} >>>mathgrade =
which are specific to each s.getGrade(’Math’)
def del (self): >>>print mathgrade 90
instance of the class. print "Destructor called"
>>>count =
• There is a special method by def getStudentCount(self): s.getStudentCount()
the name init () which is return Student.studentCount >>>print count 1
the class constructor.
def addGrade(self,key,value): >>>del s Destructor
• The class constructor self.grades[key]=value def called
getGrade(self,key):
initializes a new instance return self.grades[key]
when it is created. The
function del () is the def printGrades(self):
for key in self.grades:
class destructor print key + ": " + self.grades[key]
 Class Inheritance
• In this example Shape is the base class and Circle is the derived class. The class Circle inherits the attributes of the Shape class.
• The child class Circle overrides the methods and attributes of the base class (eg. draw() function defined in the base class Shape is overridden in child
class Circle).

# Examples of class inheritance class Circle(Shape): class Point: >>>p = Point(2,4)

class Shape: def init (self, c,r): def init (self, x, y): >>>circ = Circle(p,7) Child
def init (self): print "Child class constructor" self.xCoordinate = x class constructor
print "Base class constructor" self.center = c self.yCoordinate = y >>>circ.getColor()
self.color = ’Green’ self.radius = r self.color = ’Green’
self.lineWeight = 10.0 ’Green’ self.lineWeight = def setXCoordinate(self,x): >>>circ.setColor(’Red’)
10.0 self.xCoordinate = x >>>circ.getColor()
def draw(self): self. label = ’Hidden circle ’Red’
print "Draw - to be implemented" label’ def getXCoordinate(self): >>>circ.getLineWeight() 10.0
def setColor(self, c): return self.xCoordinate >>>circ.getCenter().getXCoordinate() 2
self.color = c def setCenter(self,c): >>>circ.getCenter().getYCoordinate() 4
def getColor(self): self.center = c def setYCoordinate(self,y): >>>circ.draw()
return self.color def getCenter(self): self.yCoordinate = y Draw Circle (overridden function)
return self.center >>>circ.radius 7
def setLineWeight(self,lwt): def getYCoordinate(self):
self.lineWeight = lwt def setRadius(self,r): return self.yCoordinate
self.radius = r
def getLineWeight(self):
return self.lineWeight def getRadius(self):
return self.radius

def draw(self):
print "Draw Circle
(overridden
function)"
Further Reading

• Code Academy Python Tutorial, http://www.codecademy.com/tracks/python

• Google's Python Class, https://developers.google.com/edu/python/
• Python Quick Reference Cheat Sheet, http://www.addedbytes.com/cheat-sheets/python-cheat-sheet/
• PyCharm Python IDE, http://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/

Take the assignment for

Python Packages of Interest for IOT
Thank you

32