Protein

Macronutrients: Protein
Prof. Cherry Ann Durante, RN, MSPH

 from GREEK word “proteios” meaning
“of first” or “primary”
 fundamental structural unit/elements of
every cell of the body
Extremely complex molecules containing:
C, H, O, N, S, Fe, P, I, Cu
AMINO ACIDS
– chemical compounds which
make up proteins
- building blocks of all proteins
Roles:
1.As building units
- amino acids are joined in unique
chain sequence to form a specific
protein
- amino acids are then assembled
in the body in specific order to form
specific tissue protein
Examples:
Connective tissue – COLLAGEN
Muscles - MYOSIN
RBC - HEMOGLOBIN
2. As nitrogen supplier
“Aminos” are compounds
containing 16% of Nitrogen
1. Body building & structural role
2. Essential for growth
3. Source of energy
4. Regulator of body processes
1.Essential – amino acids not
manufactured by the body and are
obtained only from the food we eat.
Histidine Methionine
Isoleucine Phenylalanine
Leucine Threonine
Lysine Trytophan Valine
2. Semi-essential – can maintain life
processes for adults but not enough for
normal growth in children. (Essential
only for children); “semi-indispensable”;
“amino acid sparer”
Ex. Arginine
3. Non-essential – amino acids which
are synthesized/manufactured by the
body so they are not essential in the diet
Alanine Glycine
Aspargine
Hydroxylysine
Aspartic Acid Hydroxyproline
Cystine (Cysteine) Proline
Glutamic Acid Serine
1.According to chemical component
acid, base, neutral
1.According to structural and spatial
arrangement of molecules.
Fibrous – Keratin (Chief CHON in hair)
Collagen,Elastin, Myosin
*Globular – Caseinogen (milk)
Albumin (egg white)
Albumin/globulin (blood)
3. According to protein quality- depends on
amount of amino acid present in molecules
*Complete protein – with all essential
amino acid in amount sufficient for
growth and maintenance of life
(Animal source: casein in milk &
albumin of egg white)
*Partially complete – can maintain life but do
not support growth.
(Plant source: gliadin in wheat, legumin in
legumes)
*Incomplete – cannot support life and growth
(Plant source: zein in corn, gelatin)
RENI
Standard
1 gm/kg desirable body weight
for normal adult
Based on caloric requirement
10-15%of total calories are
supplied by CHON
1.Body Size 5. State of health
2.Growth
6. Physical activity
3.Aging
4.Pregnancy & Lactation
7. Adequacy of calories
8. Quality of protein
1.Fortification
2.Enrichment
3.Supplementation
4.Complementation
Digestion, Absorption, & Metabolism
Digestion
-stomach with the aid of HCl to make it
more susceptible to the action of enzymes
- HCl coverts pepsinogen to the enzyme

pepsin.
- pepsin begins to break down

proteins into smaller polypeptides
& some amino acids.
Digestion
- bulk of protein digestion takes place in
the small intestine
-pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin,
& carboxypeptidase) are responsible for
breaking down proteins into simpler
substances (tripeptide, dipeptides, & amino
acids).
-enzymes located on the surface of the

intestinal wall (aminopeptidase & dipetidase)
complete the digestive process.
Absorption
- takes place in the mucosa of the
small intestine through active
transport
- intestinal cells release amino acids
into the bloodstream for transport to
the liver
Metabolism
Two-part process:
a. catabolism
b. anabolism
Liver Functions Related to Protein
Metabolism:
1. It uses the amino acid that it needs &

releases those that aren’t need
elsewhere.
2. It retains amino acids to make liver

cells, non-essential amino acids, &
plasma protein
Liver Functions Related to Protein
Metabolism:
3. It regulates the release of amino acids
4. It regulates energy metabolism

Index of the amount of CHON utilized by
the body & how well body tissues are being
maintained.
*Nitrogen intake from CHONs must be
equal to the nitrogen output in urine &
feces
1.Positive Nitrogen Balance
- occurs when the body takes in more
nitrogen than it excretes.
(Tissue building is more than tissue breakdown)
e.g. infancy lactation
childhood pregnancy
adolescence
2. Negative Nitrogen Balance
- occurs when the body takes in less
nitrogen than it excretes.
(More tissues are broken down than built)
e.g. malnutrition emotional stress
illness surgery, shock
immobility sever pain
Effects of Deficiencies
Kwashiorkor -refers to the condition

where individual may have an adequate
caloric intake but lacks adequate dietary
proteins.
Effects of Deficiencies
Marasmus
- individuals’s diet is low in calories,
proteins are used as a source of
energy, leaving little of this nutrient to
build & repair tissues & maintain
immune function
Effects of Toxicity
1. Ketosis
2. Calcium depletion
Effects of Imbalance
1.Growth retardation
2.Increased susceptibility to infection
3.Loss of muscle tissue leading to
impairement of body function
Muscle atrophy
1.Animals (beef, chicken, pork, veal,
carabeaf, glandular organs, sausages)
2.Fish, shellfish, crab, shrimp, lobster
3.Plants (legumes, nuts, string beans,
mongo, soybean, sesame sead,
garbanzos, green beans, cereals)
4.Eggs, cheese, whole milk & other milk
products

Protein

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Macronutrients: Protein

Prof. Cherry Ann Durante, RN, MSPH

- HCl coverts pepsinogen to the enzyme

- pepsin begins to break down

-enzymes located on the surface of the

1. It uses the amino acid that it needs &

2. It retains amino acids to make liver

3. It regulates the release of amino acids

4. It regulates energy metabolism

Kwashiorkor -refers to the condition

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