Lecture Week 4

ENVIRONMENT
CONTROL SYSTEMS-III
LECTURE-04
HVAC SYSTEMS
HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the
technology of indoor and automotive environmental comfort.
HVAC system design is a sub discipline of mechanical
engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics,
fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.
Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation
as HVAC&R or HVACR, or ventilating is dropped as in HACR
(such as the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).
HVAC is important in the design of medium to large industrial
and office buildings such as skyscrapers and in marine
environments such as aquariums, where safe and healthy
building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature
and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.
The starting point in carrying out an estimate both for cooling
and heating depends on the exterior climate and interior
specified conditions.
HVAC system works on the principles
of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat
transfer.
All these fields come into play in various
components of HVAC
BASIC PRINCIPLES:
 Factors determining the capacity of the HVAC system required:

1. Heating: the amount of energy transferred to the room. The amount
of heat energy that needs to be added to the chamber.
2. Cooling: energy released from a certain space to lower the required
temperature.
3. Moisture: refers to the process of increasing moisture through water.
4. Cooling: Thermal energy sometimes needs to be removed from a
certain room to lower the temperature.
5. Moisturizing: This refers to the process of increasing the relative
humidity through the addition of water vapor into the system.
6. Dehumidifying: the process removes moisture from space.
7. Cleaners: air purification to remove flying dust and dirt.
8. Aerial air: can make residents comfortable and clean air.
HEATING
VENTILATION
AIR CONDITIOING
HEATING
A heater is an object that emits heat or causes
another body to achieve a higher temperature.
In a household or domestic setting, heaters are
usually appliances whose purpose is to generate
heating (i.e. warmth).
Other types of heaters are Ovens and Furnaces.
The opposite of a heater (for warmth) is an air cooler
(for cold) used to keep the user cooler than the
temperature originally surrounding them.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEATING SYSTEMS
CENTRAL HEATING is often used in cool climates to

heat houses and public buildings. Such a system
contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to warm water,
steam, or air in a central location such as a furnace room
in a home or a mechanical room in a large building.
The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known
as Hydronics.
These systems also contain either duct work for forced
air systems or piping to distribute a heated fluid to
radiators to transfer this heat to the air.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEATING
SYSTEMS
PROCESS:
Warm air systems distribute heated air through duct
work systems of supply and return air through metal
or fiberglass ducts.
Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air
cooled by an evaporator coil for air conditioning.
The air supply is typically filtered through air cleaners
to remove dust and pollen particles.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEATING SYSTEMS
Heat Pumps: Heat pumps can extract heat from the

exterior air (air source) or from the ground (ground
source).
Initially, heat pump HVAC systems were used in
moderate climates, but now they are increasing in
popularity in other climates.
Heat pumps can be:
1. Air to air
2. Air to water
3. Water to air
4. Water to water
PROBLEMS:
The use of furnaces, space heaters and boilers as means

of indoor heating may result in incomplete combustion
and the emission of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds and other
combustion byproducts.
Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient
oxygen; the inputs are fuels containing various
contaminants and the outputs are harmful byproducts,
most dangerously carbon monoxide which is a tasteless
and odorless gas with serious adverse health effects.
VENTILATION
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any
space to control temperature or remove any combination of
moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or
carbon dioxide.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air with the outside
as well as circulation of air within the building.
It is one of the most important factors for maintaining
acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.
There are three main types of ventilation:
1. Natural ventilation
2. Mechanical Ventilation
3. Hybrid Ventilation or Hybrid Mode ventilation
AIR CONDITIONING
Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided
through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed
through radiation, convection, and by heat pump
systems through the refrigeration cycle.
Refrigeration conduction media such as water, air,
ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants.
An air conditioning system, or a standalone air
conditioner provides cooling, ventilation, and
humidity control for all or part of a building.
REFRIGERATION CYCLE / PROCESS
 The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool:
1. The SYSTEM REFRIGERANT starts its cycle in a gaseous state.

2. The COMPRESSOR pumps the refrigerant gas up to a high
pressure and temperature.
3. From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a
"CONDENSING COIL" OR CONDENSER) where it loses energy
(heat) to the outside, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase.
4. The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat exchanger
where it is allowed to evaporate; hence the heat exchanger is
often called an "EVAPORATING COIL" OR EVAPORATOR.
5. A METERING DEVICE regulates the refrigerant liquid to flow at
the proper rate.
REFRIGERATION CYCLE / PROCESS
 As the liquid refrigerant evaporates it absorbs energy (heat)
from the inside air, returns to the compressor, and repeats the
cycle.
 In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred
outdoors, resulting in cooling of the building.
 In variable climates, the system may include a REVERSING
VALVE that switches from heating in winter to cooling in
summer.
 By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration
cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa.
 This allows a facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece
of equipment by the same means, and with the same hardware.
AIR FILTRATION AND CLEANING
Air cleaning and filtration is an important factor of
our indoor environment because cleaning the air
filters out what the lungs cannot by removing
particles, contaminants, vapors and gases from the
air.
The filtered and cleaned air then is used in heating,
ventilation and air conditioning.
Air cleaning and filtration should be taken in account
when protecting our building environments.
CLEAN AIR DELIVERY RATE AND
FILTER PERFORMANCE
Clean air delivery rate is the amount of clean air an
air cleaner provides to a room or space.
When determining CADR, the amount of airflow in a
space is taken into account.

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ENVIRONMENT

 Factors determining the capacity of the HVAC system required:

CENTRAL HEATING is often used in cool climates to

Heat Pumps: Heat pumps can extract heat from the

The use of furnaces, space heaters and boilers as means

1. The SYSTEM REFRIGERANT starts its cycle in a gaseous state.

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