Lesson 2.

1 CIRCLES
Lesson 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS
PLANES
 2.1 CIRCLES
• A circle is a set of points, each of which is
equidistant from a fixed point called the
center.
• The line joining the center of a circle to any
points on the circle is known as the radius.
• An arc is a portion of a circle that contains two
endpoints and all the points on the circle
between the endpoints.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
• By choosing any two points on the circle, two
arcs will be formed; a major arc (the longer
arc), and a minor arc (the shorter one).

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
• A chord is a line segment joining any two
points on the circle. The chord that passes
through the center of the circle is called the
diameter of a circle.
• A chord divides the circle into two regions, the
major segment and the minor segment.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
• A sector is the figure formed by two radii and
an included arc. The central angle is the angle
in which the vertex lies at the center of the
circle and which sides are the two radii.
• The inscribed angle is the angle in which the
vertex lies on the circle and which two sides
are chords of the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
If circles of different radii have common
center then they are referred to as concentric
circles.
The region bounded by any two concentric
circles is known as the annulus.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
A line in the same plane as the circle is a
tangent line of the circle if it intersects the circle
at exactly one point on the circle.
A line is called a secant line if it intersects
the circle at two points on the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
• A cyclic quadrilateral is a four-sided figure
inscribed in a circle, with each vertex (corner)
of the quadrilateral touching the
circumference of the circle.
• The sum of the opposite angles of such a
quadrilateral is 180°.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

x + w = 180°
y + z = 180°
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart
 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
1. If two chords intersect at a point inside the
circle, then the product of the segments of one
chord is equal to the product of the segments of
the other chord.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
2. If two secant lines of a circle intersect at an
exterior point, then the product of lengths of
the entire secant line and its external segment is
equal to the product of the lengths of the other
secant line and its external segment.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
3. If a tangent line and a secant line of a circle
intersect at a point exterior to the circle, then
the product of the lengths of the secant line and
its external segment is equal to the square of
the length of the tangent line.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
4. Every tangent line of a circle is perpendicular to
the radius of the circle drawn through the point of
tangency.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
5. The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord
bisects the chord and its two arcs.
Conversely, the diameter that bisects a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.
Consequently, the perpendicular bisector of a chord
is the diameter of the circle which must pass
through the center of the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
6. Central angles of the same or equal circles
have the same ratio as their intercepted arcs.
7. Angles formed from two points on the circle
are equal to the other angles, in the same arc,
formed from those two points.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
8. The line of centers of two tangent circles
passes through the point of tangency.
9. The measure of a central angle is the angular
measure of its intercepted arc. The intercepted
arc is measured by its central angle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
10. An inscribed angle is measured by one-half
of its intercepted arc.
11. The angle formed by constructing lines from
the ends of the diameter of a circle to a point on
the circle is a right angle. (Angle in a Semi-Circle)

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
12. The sum of the products of opposite sides of
a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the product of
the diagonals.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
13. The lengths of two tangents from the points
of tangency on the circle to their point of
intersection are the same.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
14. The measure of the angle formed by two
secant lines intersecting at an interior point is
one-half the sum of the angular measurements
of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its
vertical angle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
If two secants intersect at an exterior point of a
circle, the measure of the angle formed by the
secants is one-half the difference between the
angular measurements of the intercepted arcs.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
The Perimeters
Circumference: C = 2πr
Arc length: s = rθ
Perimeter of a sector: P = r(2 + θ) = rθ + 2r
Perimeter of a segment: P = s + L
Length of chord:

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Areas of Circle, Sector, Segment, and Annulus
Area: A = πr2 = πd2/4
Area of a Semicircle: A = ½πr2
Area of a Quarter Circle: A = ¼πr2
Area of a Sector: A = ½r2θ = ½rs
Area of Segment: A = ½r2(θ − sin θ)

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Area of Annulus region:

A polygon is inscribed in a circle if the vertices

of the polygon lie on the circle. If the polygon is
regular, then the measure of its side can be
determined by the cosine law.

r = radius, s = side of polygon, θ = central angle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Polygon Inscribed in a Circle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
• The polygon is circumscribed about the circle
if each side of the polygon is tangent to the
circle.
• If the polygon is regular, then the radius of the
circle is equal to the apothem a of the
polygon.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
Polygon Circumscribed About the Circle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Radius of the Circle Circumscribing a Triangle

where A is the area of the triangle and .

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Circle Circumscribing a Triangle = Triangle
Inscribed in a Circle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Radius of the Circle Inscribed in a Triangle

r = A/s

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Circle Inscribed in a Triangle = Triangle
Circumscribing a Circle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

AREA OF A CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

Where , semi-perimeter of the quadrilateral.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXAMPLES
• What is the area of a circle with a
circumference of 18π cm? ANS: 254.47 cm2

• A circle which has an area of 144π cm2 is cut

into two segments by a chord that is 6 cm
from the center of the circle. What is the area
of the smaller segment? ANS: 88.45 cm2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXAMPLES
The tangent AB and the secant BCD are drawn to
a circle from the same exterior point B. If the
length of the tangent is 8 inches and the
external segment of the secant is 4 inches, then
what is the length of the secant?
ANS: 16 in

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXAMPLES
An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle
with an area equal to 81π square units. Find the
area of the triangle. ANS: 105 cm2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.1 EXERCISES
• An equilateral triangle is circumscribed about
a circle of radius 10√3 cm. What is the
perimeter of the triangle? ANS: 180 cm

• Determine the area of the segment of a circle

if the length of the chord is 15 inches and
located 5 inches from the center of the circle.
ANS: 42.2 in2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.1 EXERCISES
• Given a circle in which the diameter AB equals
4 cm. If two points C and D lie on the circle
and ABC = 18° and BAD = 36°, find the length
of the major arc CD.

• The points C1 and C2 are centers of the two

equal circles shown in the figure. If the distance
between the centers is 3 cm, find the area of
the shaded region. ANS: 5.53 cm2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.1 EXERCISES
• A circle has an area equal to 25π cm2. Its
diameter AB coincides with one of the sides of
triangle ACB in which the vertex C lies on the
circle. If the triangle has an area equal to 11
cm2, find its perimeter. ANS: 22 cm
• Find the area of a cyclic quadrilateral with two
sides that measure 4 and 5 units and one
diagonal coincides with a diameter of the circle,
the radius of which is 2√3 units. ANS: 23.3 s. u.
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart
 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES
• A star is a star-like figure which generally
consists of a polygon with triangles on its
sides.
• It is a regular star if the polygon involved is a
regular polygon
• The pentagram, also known as German or
witch star, is a five-pointed regular star. The
hexagram which is also known as David’s star
or Solomon’s seal is a six-pointed regular star.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 ELLIPTICAL SECTION
Area: A = πab
a is the length of major segment (major radius)
b is the length of the minor segment (minor
radius)
Perimeter:
Restriction: 0.36 < b/a < 2.94 (5% maximum
error)

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 ELLIPTICAL SECTION

a>b

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 ELLIPTICAL SECTION
Note that this formula conforms with the
formula of the circumference of the circle where
r = a = b.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 PARABOLIC SECTION
Area of Parabola: A = ⅔bh
b = base, h = altitude
Area of Spandrel: A = ⅓bh
Perimeter of Parabola:

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 PARABOLIC SECTION

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 IRREGULAR SHAPED FIGURES
Simpson’s Rule
If y0, y1, y2, … , yn (n is even) are the lengths of a series
of parallel chords of uniform interval d then the area of
the figure enclosed above is given approximately by
the following formula.
A = ⅓d[(y0 + yn) + 4(y1 + y3 + … + yn − 1) + 2(y2 + y4 + … + yn −2)]

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.2 EXERCISES
In a circle with diameter of 20 cm, a regular five-
pointed star touching its circumference is inscribed.
Find the area of the star.
ANS: 112.257 cm2
What is the area of a section bounded by a closed
elliptical figure in which the major and minor
segments measure 60 cm and 45 cm respectively?
ANS: 8482 cm2
What is the area of a parabola inscribed in a rectangle
30 cm long and 22 cm wide?
ANS: 440 cm 2
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart
 2.2 EXERCISES
Using Simpson’s Rule and an interval of d = 0.5,
approximate the area of the shaded region
bounded by the curve defined by and the x-axis.
ANS: 6.3339 s. u.
Hint: Substitute each
value of xi in the given
equation to solve the
corresponding value of yi.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.2 EXERCISES
Two semicircles are inscribed in a square with
side 8 cm as shown. Find the area of the shaded
region. ANS: 22.87 cm2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart