EXCEPTION HANDLING IN C++

EXCEPTIONS
Exceptions are run time anomalies or unusual conditions that a program

may encounter during execution

 Conditions such as
 Division by zero

 Access to an array outside of its bounds

 Running out of memory

 Running out of disk space

 EXCEPTION HANDLING
It was not a part of original C++

 It is a new feature added to ANSI C++

Exceptions are of 2 kinds

 Synchronous Exception

Out of rage

Over flow

 Asynchronous Exception
 Error that are caused by causes beyond the control of the program
 Keyboard interrupts
 EXCEPTION HANDLING (CONT…)
Exception handling mechanism
 Find the problem (Hit the exception)

 Inform that an error has occurred (Throw the exception)

 Receive the error information (Catch the exception)

 Take corrective action (handle the exception)

 EXCEPTION HANDLING MECHANISM

It is basically build upon three keywords

 try
try block
 throw Detects and
throw an exception
 catch
Exception Object

catch block

Catch and handle

the exception
 EXCEPTION HANDLING MECHANISM (CONT…)
The keyword try is used to preface a block of statements which may generate
exceptions

 When an exception is detected, it is thrown using a throw statement in the try block

 A catch block defined by the keyword catch catches the exception and handles it
appropriately

 The catch block that catches an exception must immediately follow the try block
that throws the exception

More than one catch statement can be associated with a try block
 EXCEPTION HANDLING MECHANISM (CONT…)

try
{
… // Block of statements which may cause exceptions and // throws an exception
throw exception;
…

}
catch(type arg)
{
…
…
…
}
 CATCHING MECHANISM
try
{
throw exception;
}
catch(type1 arg)
{
// catch block 1
}
catch(type2 arg)
{
// catch block 2
}
…
…
catch(typeN arg)
{
// catch block N
}
 EXCEPTION HANDLING MECHANISM (CONT…)

Exceptions are objects used to transmit information about a problem

When an exception is thrown, the exception handlers are searched in order

for a match

 If several catch statement matches the type of an exception the first handler
that matches the exception type is executed

If the type of the object thrown matches the arg type in one of the catch
statements, the catch block is executed

 If they do not match, the program is aborted

 CATCHING MECHANISM

There is a special catch block called

catch all block

written as catch(…)

Can be used to catch all types of exceptions

 RETHROWING AN EXCEPTION

A handler may decide to rethrow the exception caught without processing it.

 In such a case we have to invoke throw without any arguments as shown below

throw;
 This causes the current exception to be thrown to the next enclosing try/catch

sequence and is caught by a catch statement listed after the enclosing try block
 Class exception

The standard C++ base class for all exceptions

Provides derived classes with virtual function what

Returns the exception’s stored error message
Standard Library exception classes
 Example 1
int main()
{
int x = -1;
cout << "Before try \n";
try
{ Output
cout << "Inside try \n";
if (x < 0)
{ terminate called after throwing an instance of
throw x;
} 'char‘
}
catch (double x )
{ This application has requested the Runtime to
cout << "Exception Caught \n";
terminate it in an unusual way. Please contact the
}
application's support team for more information.
cout << "After catch (Will be executed) \n";

return 0;
 Example 2
int main()
{
int x = -1;
cout << "Before try \n";
try
{
cout << "Inside try \n";
Output
if (x < 0)
{
throw x;
Before try
cout << "After throw (Never executed) \n"; Inside try
}
} Exception Caught
catch (int x )
After catch (Will be executed)
{
cout << "Exception Caught \n";
}

cout << "After catch (Will be executed) \n";

return 0;
 Example 3
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
try Output
{
throw 10;
} Exception caught in the second catch block
catch (double y)
{
cout << “Exception caught in the first catch block" << y;
}
catch (int z)
{
cout << "Exception caught in the second catch block\n";
}

return 0;
}
 Example 4
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
try Output
{
throw 10;
} Exception caught in the default catch
catch (double y)
block
{
cout << “Exception caught in the first catch block" << y;
}
catch (…)
{
cout << "Exception caught in the default catch block\n";
}

return 0;
}
 Example 5
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
try
{ Output
try
{
throw 20; Handle Partially
}
catch (int n) Handle remaining
{
cout << "\nHandle Partially ";
throw; // Re-throwing an exception
}
}
catch (int n)
{
cout << "\nHandle remaining ";
}
return 0;
 Example 5
#include <iostream> int main()
using namespace std; {
try
class Test {
Test t1;
{
throw 10;
public: }
Test() catch (int i)
{ {
cout << "Constructor of Test executed " << endl; cout << "Caught " << i << endl;
}
} }
~Test()
{
cout << "Destructor of Test executed " << endl;
Output
}
};
Constructor of Test executed
Destructor of Test executed