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CHAPTER TWO
BOUNDARY AND
LAMINAR LAYER

By inst. Amanuel B. MSC (HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING)

1.1 Boundary layer
Boundary layer is defined as the viscosity of a fluid plays a role in a
(very) thin layer adjacent to the surface.
 Outside the boundary layer the flow can be considered inviscid
(i.e. non viscous).
 The overall flow field is found (bounded) by coupling the
boundary layer and the inviscid outer region.
 example
 Some flow like the flow of air around a building are bounded on
one side only.
 Flow through a pipe are compliantly surrounded by a stationary
solid surface.
 Cont”d
 The flow just up stream of the plate has a uniform velocity Uo.

 As the flow comes into contact with the plate,

 The layer of fluid immediately adjacent to the plate decelerates and
comes to rest.
 This follows, a thin layer of fluid actually ‘adheres’ to a solid surface.
 There is then a considerable shearing action between the layer of fluid on
the plate surface and the second layer of fluid.
 The second layer is therefore forced to decelerate (though it is not quite
brought to rest) creating a shearing action with the third layer of fluid etc.
 As the fluid passes further along the plate, the zone in which shearing
action occurs tends to spread further out words is known as a “boundary
layer”
2.2 Boundary layer equations
a. Boundary layer thickness, δ, is the distance in the y-direction
from the solid surface to the outer edge of the boundary layer.
 The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is asymptotic to
Uo, u
 0.99
Uo
 it is difficult to measure an exact value for δ.
 b. The displacement thickness, δ*,
 Is the distance by which a streamline (plate) is displaced due to
the boundary layer.
 Inside boundary layer, the velocity is everywhere less than in
the free stream.
 The discharge through this cross section is correspondingly less
than the discharge through the same cross-sectional area in the
free stream.
 Cont,d

Fig: Velocity distribution in a boundary layer

 Assume unit width, mass flow per second through elementary strip
= udy
 Mass flow per second through elementary strip  Udy
 reduction of mass flow rate through elementary stripe   (U  u )dy
 The difference U-u is velocity defect

 Total reduction of mass flow rate due to introduction of plate
   (U  u )dy
 Multiplied by displaced thickness 
 Ux

 o     U o  u  dy
0

 u 
Therfore     1   dy
0
U 
 Cont’d
C. The momentum thickness
 Is analogous to the displacement thickness.
 It may be defined as the depth of a layer in the free stream, which
would pass a momentum flux equivalent to the deficit due to the
boundary layer. 
 Total loss of momentum per second    (U  u )dy

Let   the distance by which plate is displaced when the fluid is flowing
with a constant velocity .
Then loss of momentum/sec of fluid flowing through distance with  a
velocity
 UU.^2

 U 2   u (U  u ) dy

u u
  (1  ) dy
 U U
 Cont’d
d. Energy thickness(e)
 Is the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary of the
solid body by which the boundary be displaced to compensate
for the reduction in kinetic energy of flowing fluid on account of
boundary layer formation.

1
 Total loss of kinetic energy of fluid   2
u (U ^ 2  u ^ 2)dy
0

 The loss f K.E. through (e) of fluid flowing with velocity U.

1
  2 ( e)U ^ 2

u u ^2
e   (1  )dy
0
U U ^2
Cont’d
Cont’d
Cont’d
 Cont’d
EXERCISE

BOUNDARY LAYER ALONG THIN PLATE AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

 At the leading edge of the plate the thickness of the boundary layer is zero,
 On downstream, for the fluid in contact with the boundary the velocity of flow is
reduced to zero.
 At some distance δ from the boundary the velocity is nearly Uo.
 Hence a velocity gradient is set up which develops shear resistance to the flow
and retards the motion of the fluid.
 Cont’d
 The boundary layer near the leading edge is relatively thin.
 Thickness of the boundary layer δ goes on increasing in the downstream
direction.
The factor which influence the thickness of the boundary layer forming
along a flat smooth plate.
 The boundary layer thickness increases are the distance from the leading-
edge increases.
 The boundary layer thickness decreases with the increase in the velocity of
flow of the approaching stream of fluid.
 The kinematics viscosity of the fluid is greater, greater is the boundary layer
thickness.
 The boundary layer thickness is considerably affected by the pressure
gradient (∂p/∂x) in the direction of flow.
 cont,d

SEPARATION OF BOUNDARY LAYER

 when the pressure gradient remains zero.
 Boundary layer continues to grow in the downstream direction along a flat
plate , regardless of the length of the plate
 The adverse gradient and the boundary shear decrease due to the
momentum in the boundary layer.
 If both act over a sufficient distance, they cause the boundary layer to
come to rest.
 Their phenomenon is called separation.
Cont,d
 Cont’d

Fig. Boundary separation point

Laminar layer
 Fluid flow may be either viscous (laminar) or turbulent depending on the
value of Reynolds number (Re= ).
 Laminar flow: is the flow in which the fluid moves in layers, one layer
gliding smoothly over an adjacent layer with only a molecular
interchange of momentum.
 Instability & disturbances of flow is controlled by viscous shear forces
 Cont’d
 Reynolds become laminar when the velocity is reduced to make Re less than
2000.

 This is the Reynolds Lower critical numbers for pipe flow & is practically
importance.

 With usual piping installation, the flow will change from laminar to turbulent
in the range from 2000 to 4000 of Re.

 In the laminar flow the losses are directly proportional to the average
velocity

 while in turbulent flow the losses are proportional to the velocity to a power
varying from 1.7 to 2.0.

Analysis of Laminar flow through pipes & porous media

 Laminar flow occurs at low velocity, so that the viscous forces
predominate over the inertial forces.
 Cont’d
 The viscosity of fluid induces relative motion with in the fluids as the fluid
layers slide over one another, which in turn gives rise to shear stresses.
 The magnitude of shear stress varies from point to point

 Maximum at the boundary

 Gradually decreasing with increase in distance from the boundary.

 Shear resistance to flow the pressure drops from section to section in the
direction of flow so that a pressure gradient exists.

Laminar Flow in circular pipe (Hagen – Poiseuille law)

 For steady, fully developed laminar flow ;

 Normal forces (pressure forces) acting on the left & right ends of the control
volume.
 Tangential forces (shear forces) on the inner & outer cylindrical surfaces.
 Cont’d
Fully Developed Turbulent flow in pipe
 Shearing in turbulent flows is both difficult to Visualize & less amenable to
mathematical treatment.

 Solutions of problems involving turbulent flows tend to invoke experimental

data.

 In turbulent flow, a streamline broken into an eddy formation,

 its success passage leads to a measurable fluctuation in the velocity at a given

point.

 The eddies are generally irregular in size & shape, so the fluctuation of
velocity with time is correspondingly irregular.

 For convenience, this fluctuating velocity is broken down into two

components:

 average velocity at a point Û and fluctuating components U’ (in the x-

direction), v’ (in y-direction) & w’ (in z-direction).
Cont’d
 Cont,d
 Water flow enters a pipe, the velocity profile in front of the entrance is nearly
uniform (free-stream flow).
 Immediately downstream of the entrance, the centerline flow can still move at
a uniform velocity
 Near the wall, the boundary layer flow begins to be developed.
 The thickness of the boundary layer increases downstream.
 After a distance, the boundary layers from both walls meet at the centerline and
the flow becomes established and unchanged.
 Such a distance is termed Entrance Length
 Success

Failure

THE END
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