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    NHA2 - Morphology Morphemes

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    The document discusses morphology and provides definitions and classifications of morphemes, including bases/roots, affixes, free and bound morphemes. It also explains the differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes, and provides examples of allomorphs, word formation processes, word classes, phrases, clauses, and sentence structures. The teacher provides guidance to student groups for revising for exams.

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    NHA2 - Morphology Morphemes

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    08AV2D
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    The document discusses morphology and provides definitions and classifications of morphemes, including bases/roots, affixes, free and bound morphemes. It also explains the differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes, and provides examples of allomorphs, word formation processes, word classes, phrases, clauses, and sentence structures. The teacher provides guidance to student groups for revising for exams.

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    The document discusses morphology and provides definitions and classifications of morphemes, including bases/roots, affixes, free and bound morphemes. It also explains the differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes, and provides examples of allomorphs, word formation processes, word classes, phrases, clauses, and sentence structures. The teacher provides guidance to student groups for revising for exams.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views22 pages

    NHA2 - Morphology Morphemes

    Uploaded by

    08AV2D
    The document discusses morphology and provides definitions and classifications of morphemes, including bases/roots, affixes, free and bound morphemes. It also explains the differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes, and provides examples of allomorphs, word formation processes, word classes, phrases, clauses, and sentence structures. The teacher provides guidance to student groups for revising for exams.

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    Morphemes: definition, characteristics, classification by meaning: bases/roots and affixes Classification by form: free and bound morphemes

    Teacher Teacher

    Derivational and inflectional morphemes: definition, differences


    Derivational and inflectional paradigms Immediate constituents Allomorphs: definition, selection: phonologically and morphologically conditioned allomorphs, and types: additive, replacive, subtractive, suppletive, zero allomorphs Words: definition, characteristics, classification: simple, complex, compound words Words: processes of word formation: clipping, blending, acronymy, compounding Words: processes of word formation: derivation, back-formation

    Group 1
    Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 5 Teacher

    Revision for Midterm test

    Word classes: definition classification: form classes

    Group 6

    Word classes: classification: structure classes


    Word classes: classification: positional classes Phrases: definition-classification: noun, adjective phrases

    Open and closed pre-nominal and post-nominal modifiers


    Phrases: classification: verb phrase Phrases: classification: adverb, prepositional phrases Clauses: structure and functions of phrases: object, complement, adjunct Clauses: Functions of phrases: subject and verb Clauses: 7 types Clauses: dependent and independent clauses Sentences: definition and classification: simple, compound, complex sentences Tree diagrams

    Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 8 Group 9 Group 9 Group 10 Group 10 Group 11 Group 11 Teacher
    Teacher

    Revision for final exam

    Teacher

    I> Morphology
    the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the way they combine in word formation. [Richards, J.C. et all, 1992:237] E.g.: un- + happy + -ly = unhappily (neg. prefix+happy+adv-forming suffix: 3 morphemes)

    The branch of grammar which studies the structure of words. It is generally divided into inflectional morphology, the study of inflections, and lexical or derivational morphology, the study of word formation. Morphology contrasts with syntax, the combination of words into sentences. E.g.: *over- +work + -ed = overworked (derivational prefix+work+inflectional suffix: 3 morphemes) *omnibus bus (clipping)

    Linguistics

    Phonology (sound systems)

    Morphology (word Structure)

    Syntax (sentence structure)

    Semantics (meaning)

    II> Morphemes II.1> Definition-Characteristics


    The smallest meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets 3 criteria: 1. It is a word, or a part of a word that has meaning. 2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders. 3. It recurs in different verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning.

    E.g: *friend: -has meaning: one attached to another by respect or affection -by dividing friend we get a smaller meaningful unit end, but its meaning violates the meaning of friend. The remainder /fri-/ is meaningless. -recurs in different verbal environments: befriend, friendly, friendless, friendship, friendliness, unfriendly friend is a morpheme *weaken: -means make sth become (weaker) - cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders. -recurs in different verbal environments: darken, cheapen, soften, sharpen, -en is a morpheme

    II.2> Classification II.2.1> By form: Free & bound


    II.2.1.1> Free morpheme - A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning - can be used on its own - may stand alone as words in their own right, as well as enter into the structure of other words - E.g.: king, dream, act, plane II.2.1.2> Bound morpheme - A bound morpheme, unlike free, cannot be uttered alone with meaning. It is always annexed to one or more morphemes to form a word - is never used alone but must be used with another morpheme - may occur only if they combine with another morpheme - E.g.: kingdom, dreamed, react, aquaplane

    II.2.2> By meaning: Bases/roots & affixes


    II.2.2.1> Bases/roots/heads/central morphemes -A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principal meaning E.g.: lighten, infamous - Bases are very numerous - most of them are free morphemes, but some are bound E.g.: remarry, keeper, audience, reject FM FM BM BM

    II.2.2.1.a> Free bases II.2.2.1.b> Bound bases


    Free base: is a base which may be a word on its own right once the other morphemes have been stripped away Bound base: is a base (i.e. it is the basic part of a word and has the principal meaning) which can never occur on its own but can only be joined to other bound morphemes. E.g.: work, works, worker, overwork FB FB FB FB recur, immortal, pendant, portable BB run, BB dead, BB hang, BB carry

    Bases><Stems
    A base is any unit whatsoever to which affixes of any kind can be added. The affixes attached to a base may be inflectional affixes selected for syntactic reasons or derivational affixes which alter the meaning or grammatical category of the base. The stem is that part of a word that is in existence before any inflectional affixes have been added. E.g.: -girls, girlhood: girl is a base -dogs, workers, happier: dog, worker, happy are stems All roots are bases. Bases are called stems only in the context of inflectional morphology

    II.2.2.2> Affixes
    II.2.2.2> Affixes -are outlying morphemes, i.e. are always bound morphemes and can come before, in the middle of, or after a base; can be added to a base or to each other and change the meaning or grammatical function of a word which they are attached to. -E.g.: deurbanized

    urban: FB de-, -ize, -d: affixes

    II.2.2.2.a> By position: Prefixes, infixes & suffixes


    Prefixes: bound morphemes which occur before a base, e.g.: unkind, untrue, unreliable: un- is a prefix. Suffixes: bound morphemes which occur right after a base or after the construction consisting of a base plus one or more (either free or bound) morphemes teacher = teach + -er : FB + suffix audible = audi + -ible: BB + suffix teachers = teacher + -s = teach + -er + -s : FB + suffix + suffix

    Infixes: bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word; are rare in English 2 kinds: addition & replacement (more common) Addition: account + for + able=accountable (for is dropped) un+get+at+able = ungetable (at is dropped) rely+on+able = reliable (on is dropped) Replacement: few noun plurals goosegeese: -ee- replaces oomousemice: -i- replaces oumore often past tense & past participles of verbs taketooktaken ringrangrung

    Inflectional affixes: suffixes which are added to word and change it according to grammatical rules; also called grammatical morphemes. Finch (2000: 105): 8 inflections of three groups: -Verb inflections past tense: ed (attack + ed) past participle: ed (attack + ed) present participle: ing (attack + ing) third person singular present tense : s (attack + s) -Noun inflections plural : s (dog + s) possessive : s, s (dog + s, dog + s) -Adjective/ Adverb inflections comparative: er (large + er) superlative: est (large +est)

    II.2.2.2.b> By function: Inflectional & derivational affixes

    Derivational affixes: affixes which are added to other words or morphemes and can change the meaning and the word class of the ones which they are attached to. can create new dictionary items; are also called lexical morphemes. 2 types: - Class-maintaining derivational affixes: do not make any changes in grammatical class of the words or morphemes with which they are connected. Most of pre-fixes are of this type, e.g. abnormal, bicycle, cooperate, disadvantage, immortal, etc. Suffixes can also be derivationals, e.g. Israelite, stewardess, mileage, etc. - Class-changing derivational affixes: cause changes in grammatical class of the words to which they get attach. Most of suffixes but few prefixes are of this type, e.g. admirable, beautify, broaden, trainee, selfish, enrich

    III> Exercises
    I> Analyze the following words into their constituents, naming each one 1. Undecided 2. Impenetrability 3. Uninteresting 4. Disestablished 5. Devolution 6. Reintroduction 7. Revengeful 8. Fatality 9. Makes 10. Wallflowers

    ANSWER KEY
    1. 2. Undecided: {un-}: DP; {decide}: FB; {-ed}: DS Impenetrability: {-im}: DP; {penetr-}: BB; {-ate}: DS(v); {-able}: DS; {-ity}: DS 3. Uninteresting: {un-}: DP; {interest}: FB(n); {-ing}: DS 4. Disestablished: {dis-}: DP; {establish}: FB(v); {-ed}: DS 5. Devolution: {devolve}: FB(v); {-tion}: DS 6. Reintroduction: {re-}: DP; {introduce}: FB(v); {-tion}: DS 7. Revengeful: {revenge}: FB(n); {-ful}: DS 8. Fatality: {fate}: FB(n); {-al}: DS(adj); {-ity}: DS 9. Makes: {make}: FB; {-s}: IS (3rd person singular present tense) 10. Wallflowers: {wall}: FB; {flower}: FB; {-s}: IS (noun plural)

    II> Identify the meaning of the bound base in each of the following words, & then give as many words with the same BB as you can

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

    revise contradict regress intervene recur

    -vise=see supervise,..

    inspect
    oppose rodent portable rupture annual

    bigamy

    revise -vise=see

    devise,visible,visionary,television,visibility, visual,

    supervise,etc
    2

    contradict -dict=say

    dictate,dictator,dictation,diction,dictum,contradiction,contradictory,contradict orily
    3

    regress

    -gress=go

    regressive,regression,progress,progressive,progression,egress,ingress
    4

    10

    11

    12

    -vene=comeconvene,contravene,supervene recur -cur=run recurrence,current,occur,currency inspect -spect=look spectacle,prospect,perspective,prospectus oppose -pose=place/put depose,propose,deposit,impose rodent -rod=gnaw erode,erosion,erosive portable -port=carry deport,transport,portage rupture -rupt=break erupt,abrupt,corrupt,interrupt annual -ann=year annuity,annuitant,anniversary bigamy -gamy=marriage polygamy,
    intervene

    polygamous,monogamy,monogamous,bigamous

    revise

    -vise=see -dict= say -gress=go -vene=come -cur=run -spect=look -pose=place/put

    devise,visible,visionary,television,visibility, visual, supervise,etc dictate,dictator,dictation,diction,dictum,contradiction,contradi ctory,contradictorily regressive,regression,progress,progressive,progression,egre ss,ingress convene,contravene,supervene recurrence,current,occur,currency spectacle,prospect,perspective,prospectus depose,propose,deposit,impose

    contradict

    regress

    intervene

    recur inspect

    oppose

    rodent

    -rod=gnaw
    -port=carry -rupt=break -ann=year -gamy=marriage

    erode,erosion,erosive
    deport,transport,portage erupt,abrupt,corrupt,interrupt annuity,annuitant,anniversary polygamy, polygamous,monogamy,monogamous,bigamous

    portable

    1 0

    rupture

    1 1

    annual

    1 2

    Bigamy

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