Module 7

MODULE 7
METHODOLOGY
- Research Design
- Population and Sampling
- Respondents of the Study
- Research Instrument
- Validity and Reliability
- Ethical Consideration Data
Procedure
- Statistical Treatment of the Data
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Refers to making decisions with regard to the specific methods and procedures
adopted by the researcher or proponent in the conduct of the research study.
 Refers to the plan for the study’s methodology. The design should indicate the purpose
of the study, and demonstrate that the plan will answer the research question(s) and is
consistent with the study’s purpose.
 Described as blueprints for the final research projects.
 The primary purpose of the research design is to guide the researcher in the quest to
solve problems under the study.
CATEGORIES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN
- Generates basic knowledge, clarify relevant issues, uncover variables associated with
a problem, uncover information needs, and/or alternatives for addressing research
objectives.
- It is considered as very flexible, open-ended process.
2. DESCRIPTIVE RESARCH DESIGN

- Provides further insight into the research problem by describing the variables of interest
– the WHO, the WHAT, the WHERE, and the HOW of the research. It is used for
profiling, defining, segmenting, estimating, predicting, and examining associative
relationships.
3. CAUSAL RESEARCH DESIGN

- Is designated to provide information on potential cause and effect relationships. It talks
of associations or impact of one variable on another.
COMMON TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1. CASE STUDY
- Refers to an in-depth study of one or more individuals in the hope of revealing things
that may be true or common to all.
2. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE STUDY
- Attempts to identify a causative relationship between an independent variable and a
dependent variable.
3. EVALUATION RESEARCH METHOD

- Is often seen as the final stage in a research activity, and leads to the presentation of
findings, conclusions and perhaps recommendations.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHOD

- Allows researchers not only to describe and predict but also to determine whether there
is a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables of interest.
- This method enables researchers to know when and why behavior occurs.
COMMON TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
5. HISTORICAL RESEARCH METHOD
- Is concerned with reconstructing the past, identifying pieces of a puzzle and putting
them together to provide insight and understanding of situation, event or process.
6. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHOD

- QUASI means “as if” in Latin preceding the term “experimental” indicates that it is dealing
with a design that resembles an experiment but is not exactly an experiment.
EXAMPLE OF METHODOLOGY
 This chapter discusses the research procedures that were employed in this study. It
includes the research design, population, sampling technique, instrumentation, data
gathering procedure, and the statistical tools used in this study.
 This chapter consists of the methods of research used, population and sampling,
respondents of the study, research instrument validity and reliability, ethical
consideration data gathering procedures and statistical treatment of the data.
EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
 The current study employed a quantitative method and descriptive research design.
Descriptive research design involves gathering data that describe events and
organizes, tabulates, depicts and describes the data collection.
 The study used a descriptive research design specifically in a quantitative method,

respectively using the correlational approach.
 The descriptive method of research was adopted in this study. In the application of the
descriptive method of research, a questionnaire was used to gather the necessary
information and data which were later analyzed and interpreted. A descriptive survey
technique deals with the collection, organization, presentation and computation of data
to describe the samples under study. It is considered appropriate and effective in
describing present statuses of a phenomenon (Santos, Rosita et al., 2000). Through
the use of the descriptive survey method, the data needed to realize the objectives of
this study were satisfactorily obtained.
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
 The population of a research study refers to the entire set of individuals that suits the
interest of the researcher.
 The population refers to a set of individuals selected from a population usually intended
to represent the entire population in a research study.
 The goal in using a sample in a research study is to examine the sample, then
generalize by inference the results to the entire population.
 Two main methods of sampling:

a. Probability Sampling (random sampling)
- The chances of members of the wider population being selected as samples are known
(Ex. Sakada Farmers of Negros)
b. Non-Probability Sampling (purposive sampling)
- The chances of members of the wider population being selected for the sample are
unknown. (Ex. Middle-management employees of Bureau of Customs)
EXAMPLE POPULATION AND SAMPLING
 The target population of this study are the owners and managers of hotel and
restaurant industry in Makati City with legal designated permits from the local
government units.
 This study used probability sampling, specifically utilizing stratified random sampling, to
determine the sample size by dividing the entire population into smaller, balanced strata
based on the randomization principle (Statistics Canada, 2021)
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
(EXAMPLE)
 The respondents of this research will be the owners of hotel and restaurant business in
Makati City. The selection criteria ensures that all participants must possess the
necessary qualifications to provide valuable insights into the research objectives.
 The respondents of the study will be customers of a convenience store specifically in

three branches in Makati City. All participants will be identified using a stratified random
sampling method.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT VALIDATION AND RELIABILITY
(EXAMPLE)
 This study uses a self-administered questionnaire shared to the respondents.

Researchers will use survey questionnaires to collect and gather data from owners in
Makati City for analysis on enhanced income. The questionnaire was prepared in
English to ensure that respondents will fully understand and interpret the questions
intended by the researcher. The Four-Point Likert Scale will be used to get an
individual’s opinion on the online advertising for owners of hotel & restaurant business.
The scale measures the respondent’s level of agreement in which 4.3,2,1 and connotes
“Strongly Agree”, “Agree”, “Disagree”, and “Strongly Disagree”
EXAMPLE OF LIKERT SCALE
VALUE RANGE VALUE

INTERPRETATION
4 3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree (SA)
3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree (A)
2 1.76 – 2.50 Disagree (DA)
1 1:00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree

(SDA)
The validity of this research instrument was validated by experts related to the research topic,
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
(EXAMPLE)
 The researchers will write letters of requests to get permission from the school for an
interview to the owners of hotel & restaurant business as the respondents for the
research. Once approved, the researchers will prepare for the said interview on the
preferred date and time or availability of the respondents. The survey questionnaires
will be utilized and the information that will be gathered after will be the basis.
 This study secured the respondents to have privacy with their information and could
not force them whether they answered or not. Survey forms were used as a way for
researchers on how to collect the data. The researcher obtained consent from the
respondents by providing a consent form if they are willing or not to participate in our
study. The survey questionnaire was distributed to respondents and after retrieval of the
filled-up questionnaires, the researcher conducted data arrangement and subjeted the
data to treatment and analysis with the help of professional statistician or consultant.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
(EXAMPLE)
 The researcher collated the significant data, compiled, sorted out, organized and
tabulated. Several statistical tools were employed to answer the specific problems in
this study as follows:
1. Frequency. This refers to the number of instances in which a variable takes each of its
possible values. It is a set of scores and their frequency or the number of times each
condition occurs.
2. Percentage. It refers to the frequency distribution with the total frequency equated to
one hundred and the individual class frequencies expressed in proportion to that figure.
The percentage distribution was obtained by dividing the frequency by the total number of
respondents multiplied by 100.
3. Weighted Mean. The tool used in analyzing and presenting the average of the
responses.
4. Pearson R Correlation Coefficient. Measures the strength of the linear relationship
between two variables.

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MODULE 7

 Described as blueprints for the final research projects.

2. DESCRIPTIVE RESARCH DESIGN

3. CAUSAL RESEARCH DESIGN

3. EVALUATION RESEARCH METHOD

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHOD

6. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHOD

 The study used a descriptive research design specifically in a quantitative method,

 Two main methods of sampling:

 The respondents of the study will be customers of a convenience store specifically in

 This study uses a self-administered questionnaire shared to the respondents.

VALUE RANGE VALUE

3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree (A)

2 1.76 – 2.50 Disagree (DA)

1 1:00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree

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