Lenses 2021

Lenses
Chapter 5
A Convex Lens is thicker at the centre than at the sides.
A Concave Lens is thicker at the sides than at the centre.

The centre of a lens is called the Optic Centre.
The straight line through the optic centre that is at right
angles to the face of the lens is called the Axis.
A Convex Lens changes a parallel beam into a converging
beam. That’s why it’s also called a Converging lens.
A Concave Lens changes a parallel beam into a diverging
beam. That’s why it’s also called a Diverging Lens.
A ray strikes the optic
centre of a convex lens.
What is its path after

refraction at the lens?
A ray that strikes the

optic centre passes
straight through the
lens
A ray travelling
parallel to the axis
strikes the lens.

It passes through the

focus at the other side
of the lens.
A ray passes through
the focus and strikes
a convex lens.

It emerges parallel to
the axis.
What is a Real Image?
A Real Image is an image formed by the

actual intersection of rays.
A real image can be formed on a screen.

What is a Virtual Image?
A Virtual Image is an image formed by

the Apparent Intersection of Rays.
A virtual image cannot be formed on a
screen.
Light rays from Point P on the object are refracted by the lens.
After refraction each of these rays passes through the same

point X.
The Eye sees an image of point P at X, since rays which

originally were diverging from P are now diverging from X.
Formation of a Real Image in a Converging Lens
A Virtual Image in a Converging Lens
Converging Lens Formulae
u is the distance from the Object to the optic centre.
v is the distance from the Image to the optic centre.
f is the Focal Length of the lens.
If the Image is Real the formula is: 1 1 1

 
u v f
1 1 1
 
If the Image is Virtual the formula is:
u v f
Magnification
The Magnification m is the number of times the image is

bigger (or smaller) than the object.
Write down a formula relating u, v and m.
v
m
u
A ray of light
strikes the optic
centre of a
diverging lens.
What is its path
after refraction at
the lens?
A ray that strikes

the optic centre
passes straight
through the lens.
A ray that is heading
for the focus of a
diverging lens strikes
the lens.
The ray emerges

parallel to the axis
A ray travelling parallel to
the axis strikes a diverging
lens.

The ray emerges as if it

came from the focus.
The Image in a Diverging Lens is always:
Virtual, Upright (i.e. erect) and Diminished.
The image is at the same side of the lens as the object.
Diverging Lens Formulae
u is the distance from the Object to the optic centre.

v is the distance from the Image to the optic centre.
f is the Focal Length of the lens.
1 1 1 v
   m
u v f u
Power of a Lens
1 1
Power of a Lens  i.e. P 
Focal Length f
A converging lens of shorter focal length has a greater converging effect
than a lens of longer focal length. The power of the lens with the shorter
focal length is larger.
Power of a Lens
1 1
Power of a Lens  i.e. P 
Focal Length f
A diverging lens of shorter focal length has a greater diverging effect than a
lens of longer focal length. The power of the lens with the shorter focal
length is larger.
What type of lens has The power of a Converging
Positive Power? Lens is positive (+).
What type of lens has The power of a Diverging

Negative Power? Lens is negative (-).
What is the SI unit of Power of a Lens?

The SI Unit of power of a lens is the per metre
i.e. metre-1 or m-1
Two lenses of power P1 and P2 are placed
in contact.
Write down a formula for the Power, P, of

the combination.
P  P1  P2
The Eye
What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering
the eye? How does it do it?
The Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye. It does
this by making the size of the hole in its centre - the pupil -
smaller in bright light and larger in dim light.
The Retina
The Retina is a light-sensitive screen at the back of the eye.
When light strikes the retina electrical signals are sent to the
brain. The result of this is sight.
When a Real Image is brought into focus on the retina, that

object is seen clearly. If the image is brought to focus in front
of or behind the retina the object is not seen clearly (blurred).
When a real image is brought into focus on
the retina that object is seen clearly.
When a real image is brought to focus in front
of or behind the retina the object is blurred.
Defects of Vision: Short Sight
A Short-Sighted Person can see nearby objects

clearly but cannot see distant objects clearly.
The image of a distant object is formed in front of

the retina with the lens at its thinnest.
How is Light Focused on the Retina?
The eye contains a lens system which consists of the Cornea, which
acts as a lens of fixed focal length, and an internal lens just behind
the cornea that has a variable focal length.
Correction of Short Sight
Short-Sight can be corrected with a Concave Lens

Defects of Vision: Long Sight
A Long-Sighted person can see distant objects

clearly but cannot see nearby objects clearly.
The image of a nearby object is brought to a focus

behind the retina even with the lens at its fattest.
Correction of Long Sight
Long-Sight can be corrected with a Convex Lens

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Lenses

A Concave Lens is thicker at the sides than at the centre.

What is its path after

A ray that strikes the

What is its path after

It passes through the

What is its path after

A Real Image is an image formed by the

A real image can be formed on a screen.

A Virtual Image is an image formed by

After refraction each of these rays passes through the same

The Eye sees an image of point P at X, since rays which

If the Image is Real the formula is: 1 1 1

The Magnification m is the number of times the image is

Write down a formula relating u, v and m.

A ray that strikes

The ray emerges

What is its path after

The ray emerges as if it

u is the distance from the Object to the optic centre.

What type of lens has The power of a Diverging

What is the SI unit of Power of a Lens?

Write down a formula for the Power, P, of

When a Real Image is brought into focus on the retina, that

A Short-Sighted Person can see nearby objects

The image of a distant object is formed in front of

Short-Sight can be corrected with a Concave Lens

A Long-Sighted person can see distant objects

The image of a nearby object is brought to a focus

Long-Sight can be corrected with a Convex Lens

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