Chapter 3

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Contents:

 What is Artificial Intelligence Sophia (robot)

 History of AI, levels of AI, Types of AI

 Influencers of AI

 Applications of AI

 AI tools and platforms

 What is Artificial Intelligence ?

• Artificial -man made

• Intelligence-thinking power/ability to learn and solve problems.

• Artificial Intelligence means” a man made thinking power”.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science by which

we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human,
think like humans, and able to make decisions.
• Intelligence: is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.

• Knowledge : is the information acquired through learning, research or

experience.

• Experience: is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).

• Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence as the “copy of

something natural (i.e., human beings) ‘WHO’ is capable of acquiring and
applying the information it has gained through exposure.”
• To create AI we should know that how intelligence is composed.

• Intelligence is composed of :
• Reasoning

• Learning

• Problem solving

• Perception

• Linguistic intelligence
• An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.

• An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its

environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through
effectors.

• Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as

cameras, microphones, sensors, etc.) to deduce aspects of the world.
High-profile examples of AI:
• autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving cars),
• medical diagnosis,
• proving mathematical theorems,
• playing games (such as Chess ),
• search engines (such as Google search),
• online assistants (such as Siri),
• creating art (such as poetry),
• image recognition in photographs, spam filtering,
• prediction of judicial decisions and targeting online advertisements.
Relationship
between AI,
Machine
Learning and
Deep Learning

Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)
Need for Artificial Intelligence:

• To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the

capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.

• Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do

and applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence:
• Replicate human intelligence.
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks.
• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as: Proving theorem, Playing chess, plan some
surgical operation, driving a car in traffic.
• Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn
new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
Disciplines of AI:

• To create intelligence for a

machine AI requires the
several disciplines.
 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
• High Accuracy with fewer errors
• High-Speed
• High reliability
• Useful for risky areas
• Digital Assistant
• Useful as a public utility
 Disadvantage of AI :
• High Cost
• Can't think out of the box
• No feelings and emotions
• Increase dependence on machines
• No Original Creativity
History of AI
 Levels of AI
Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
• Most of the current AI systems are categorized under rule based system.
• Those AI systems are functioning based on pre defined rules and
guidelines.
Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
• Those systems or machines can understand and react contextually with
human.
• They trained from a given context and they do have the capability to map
on another context .
• Example: Chabot, roboadvisors.
 Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
• Those AI Systems are highly knowledgeable than human on a specific
domain.
• They are best suit for decision making purpose.
• Example: IBM deep blue, AlphaGo.
Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
• Those systems or machines reason out about certain event.
• They can debate, negotiate, with humans or another machines.
• They can understand how their internal systems works.
• Those machines are not produced yet, still in development.
 Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems
• Those AI systems also known as Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).
• They can do what ever human being can do.
• it could be realized already from 2024.
Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)
• They are more talented than humans in every domain.
• They can solve big problems that couldn’t solved yet.
• Those machines expected to produced around 2029.
 Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
• Those AI systems/machines are beyond human imaginations.
• Ray Kurzweil, Google’s Director of Engineering, suggest we could see
it happen by 2045.
• When machines are own this stage, it will be the end of human race
(Stephen hawking).
The seven layers of AI maturity
Types of AI
 AI type based on capabilities
Narrow AI (weak AI) :

• It is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with

intelligence.

• It is the most common and currently available types of AI.

• Examples of Narrow AI: google translate, playing chess, apple Siri,

amazon Alexa, autonomous vehicles, speech recognition, image
recognition etc.
 General AI/Strong AI:

• General AI can perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a

human.

• The idea behind the general AI is to make a system that could be smarter
and think like a human.

• As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of
effort and time to develop such systems.
 Super AI:
• It is a level of intelligence of system at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties.
• Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial intelligence.
• The development of such systems in real is still a world-changing task.
 AI type based on functionality
• Reactive Machines:

• Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of artificial intelligence.

• Such AI system do not store memories or past experience for future actions.

• Game-playing programs such as IBM’s Deep Blue system and Google's

AlphaGo is an example of reactive machines which makes decisions based
on the current state of the game.
• Limited Memory:

• Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short
period of time.

• These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.

• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.

• The car can store the recent speed of nearby cars, distance of other cars, speed
limits and other information to navigate the road.
Theory of Mind:

• Theory of Mind AI possesses the ability to understand and interpret

the mental states of others including human emotions, desires,
intentions beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.

• This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are

making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI.
 Self-Awareness:

• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.

• These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.

• These machines will be smarter than human mind.

• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical

concept.
 How humans think:
• It involves three main stages.
• Stage 1-Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
• Stage 2-Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the
surrounding environment.
• Stage 3-Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as
input and interpreted and evaluated.
Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence components:
• Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is possible to
map the human thinking stages to the layers or components of AI systems.
• In AI model:
• Sensing layer-perceives information from the surrounding environment.
• Sensors take the role of the hearing and sight senses in humans.
• interpretation layer-is responsible for interpreting and evaluating the
input data.
• Interacting layer- is responsible for taking actions or making decisions.
• Example-Robotic movement control and speech generation
 Influencers of artificial intelligence
• The following are some of the influential factors that accelerate the rise of AI.
1. Big data: Big data technologies, such as distributed storage systems (e.g., Hadoop, Apache Spark)
and parallel processing frameworks, enable organizations to handle massive volumes of structured
and unstructured data efficiently.

• Big data provides the raw material for training AI models, as well as for validating and testing their
performance on diverse datasets.

2. The emergence of data science: In the context of AI, data science is essential for training
machine learning models, improving their accuracy, and developing intelligent systems that can
make predictions, recommendations, and decisions based on data.
3. Cloud computing and APIs: Cloud computing involves the delivery of computing

services (e.g., storage, processing, networking) over the internet on a pay-as-you-go

basis, eliminating the need for on-premises infrastructure and providing scalability,

flexibility, and cost-effectiveness.

4. Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures: New chip
architectures often include dedicated AI accelerators or specialized processing units
designed to perform AI-related tasks more efficiently than traditional central processing
units (CPUs) or graphics processing units (GPUs).
 Applications of AI
• Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:
• AI in agriculture:
• Agriculture is an area that requires various resources, labor, money, and time for
the best result.
• AI technology helps in detecting disease in plants, pests, and poor nutrition of
farms.
• AI sensors can detect and target weeds and then decide which herbicide to apply
within the region.
• AI In agriculture can be very helpful for farmers to increase productivity.
• AI in Healthcare:

• Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster

diagnosis than humans.

• AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach the patient before
hospitalization.
• AI in education:

• Personalized learning: Artificial Intelligence helps to build personalized study schedule, produce
smart content, generate and update the content of the lessons.

• Virtual Assistants: AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.

• Tutoring: AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.

• Assessments and Grading: grading assessments is a time taking task for teachers. Ai technology
can help speed up this process. one of the biggest advantages of automating assessments and grades
is that it eliminates human error, biases, and mistakes.
• AI in Finance and E-commerce:
• AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. It Enhance the
customer experience, Maximize profitability.
• AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants assist customers with account
inquiries, transaction requests, and financial planning advice.
• Recommendation systems use AI to personalize product recommendations
based on users' browsing history, purchase behavior, and preferences.
• AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended
size, color, or even brand.
• AI-powered chatbots provide customer support, answer product-related
queries, and facilitate order tracking and returns.
• AI in Gaming:
• AI can be used for gaming purposes.
• The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the
machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
• AI in Data Security:
• AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
• Some examples such as spam filtering Platform, are used to filter
computer viruses sent by the email..
• AI in Social Media:
• AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtags, and
requirements of different users.
• AI in Travel &Transport:
• AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable
of doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the
customers.
• Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make
human-like interaction with customers for a better and fast response.
• AI in the Automotive Industry:
• Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars
which can make your journey more safe and secure.
• AI in Robotics:
• Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics.
• Humanoid Robots are the best examples for AI in robotics, recently the
intelligent Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been developed
which can talk and behave like humans.
• AI in Entertainment: Content recommendation algorithms suggest movies,
TV shows, music, and other entertainment content based on users' preferences
and viewing history.
 AI tools and platforms
• AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture or
software framework (including application frameworks), that allows the
software to run.
• Some platforms offer pre-built algorithms, while others require a greater
knowledge of development and coding.
• These algorithms can include functionality for:
• image recognition
• natural language processing
• voice recognition
• recommendation systems,
• predictive analytics
 Cont.
• AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult problems in
computer science, like:
• Search and optimization: deals with finding best solutions from a large set of
possible solutions.
• Logic: is fundamental for reasoning and problem-solving. Challenge is developing
efficient reasoning algorithms.
• Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning: the challenge is developing
probabilistic algorithm to handle uncertainty to large scale systems.
• Classifiers and statistical learning methods: this area focuses on developing
algorithms that can learn from data to make decisions.
• programming Languages
• Neural networks
• Control theory
• The most common artificial intelligence platforms include
• Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning,
• Google Cloud Prediction API,
• IBM Watson,
• TensorFlow,
• Infosys Nia,
• Wipro HOLMES, API.AI, Premonition, Rainbird, Ayasdi,
MindMeld, and Meya.
 Sample applications of AI
Commuting:
• Google’s AI-Powered Predictions (google Map App)
• Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft
• Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot
Email:
• Spam Filters
• Smart Email Categorization
• Social Networking:
• AI algorithms can analyze a users search history and engagement with
posts to suggest content that is most relevant to them. For example
Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat etc.
• Online Shopping:
• Search - Your Amazon searches (“ironing board”, “pizza stone”,
“Android charger”, etc.) quickly return a list of the most relevant
products related to your search.
• Recommendations: Amazon uses artificial neural networks to
generate product recommendations.
• Mobile Use:
• Voice-to-Text
• Smart Personal Assistants (Siri and Google assistants) allows us to
communicate with our smartphones through voice.
Thank you!!!