Gcse Biology Pixl

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PiXL KnowIT!
GCSE Biology
Edexcel Topic – Key Concepts in

Biology
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Overview
Key Concepts in Biology
Cell structure
• Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
• Animal, plant and bacterial cells
• Number, size and scale (including
quantitative units)
• Cell specialisation
• Microscopy
Enzymes
• Enzyme action
• Factors affecting enzyme action
• Rate calculations
Transport in cells
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Active transport
Food
• Food tests (Biology ONLY)
• Calorimetry (Biology ONLY)
LearnIT!
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Cell structure
Part 1 (1.1&1.5)

• Animal and plant cells
• Number, size and scale
Cell structure part 1 - Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
All living things are made of cells; they are the basic unit of all life.
Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells
These are smaller than eukaryotic

cells. The genetic material is not
Have a cell membrane, enclosed in a nucleus. The DNA is a
cytoplasm and genetic material (DNA) single loop and there may be one or
enclosed in a nucleus. more rings of DNA called plasmids.
Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells
Prefix Multiple Standard form
Prefixes are used in
science to make very centi (cm) 1 cm = 0.01 m x 10 -2
small numbers more milli (mm) 1 mm = 0.001 m x 10 -3
manageable. You need to
micro (𝛍m) 1 𝛍m = 0.000 001 m x 10 -6
learn the ones in the table
and be able to convert to nano (nm) 1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m x 10 -9
and from standard form. pico (pm) 1 pm = 0.000 000 000 001m x 10 -12
Cell structure part 1 - Animal, plant cells and bacterial cells
You will need to

know the
differences
between plant,
animal and
bacterial cells.
Bacterial cells
Long hair like are much
structure which
aids movement smaller than
plant and
animal cells.
Cell structure part 1 - Animal, plant cells and bacterial cells
Cell part Function Animal Plant Bacteria
Contains genetic material which controls the activities

Nucleus of the cell ✔ ✔
Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by
Cytoplasm enzymes ✔ ✔ ✔
Cell membrane Controls movement of substances into and out of cell ✔ ✔ ✔

Mitochondria Most energy is released by respiration here ✔ ✔
Ribosomes Protein synthesis happens here ✔ ✔ ✔
Strengthens the cell – made of cellulose (not bacteria)
Cell wall algal cells also have a cell wall ✔ ✔
Contain chlorophyll, absorbs light energy for
Chloroplasts photosynthesis ✔
Permanent vacuole Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid ✔
Chromosomal DNA Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus ✔

Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic
Plasmid (DNA) modification ✔
QuestionIT!
Cell structure
Part 1

Cell structure part 1 – QuestionIT
1. Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

2. Where is the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?
3. Copy and complete the table.

centi (cm) x 10 -2
1 mm = 0.001 m x 10 -3
micro (𝛍m) 1 𝛍m = 0.000 001 m
nano (nm) x 10 -9
4. Why do scientists use prefixes?

5. Name the structures A to L on the diagrams below and label cells 1, 2

and 3.
n.
6. Copy and complete the table and tick the correct column for each one.
Contains genetic material which controls the activities of

the cell
Cytoplasm
Controls the movement of substances into and out of the

cell
Most energy is released by respiration here
Ribosomes Protein synthesis happens here
Strengthens the cell – made of cellulose
Chloroplasts
Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus
Plasmid (DNA)
AnswerIT!
Cell structure
Part 1

Cell structure – AnswerIT
1. Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

In a bacterial DNA loop and there may be one or more plasmid rings.
2. Where is the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?
The DNA is in chromosomes enclosed in a nucleus.
3. Copy and complete the table.
centi (cm) 1 cm = 0.01 m x 10 -2
milli (mm) 1 mm = 0.001 m x 10 -3
micro (𝛍m) 1 𝛍m = 0.000 001 m x 10 -6
nano (nm) 1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m x 10 -9
4. Why do scientists use prefixes?

To make very small numbers more manageable
5. Name the structures A to L on the diagrams below and label cells 1, 2 and 3.
n. flagellum
6. Copy and complete the table and tick the correct column for each one.
Contains genetic material which controls the activities of the

Nucleus cell ✔ ✔
Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by
Cytoplasm enzymes ✔ ✔ ✔
Cell membrane Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell ✔ ✔ ✔
Mitochondria Most energy is released by respiration here ✔ ✔
Ribosomes Protein synthesis happens here ✔ ✔ ✔
Cell wall Strengthens the cell – made of cellulose ✔ ✔
Chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll, absorbs light energy for photosynthesis ✔
Permanent vacuole Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid ✔
Bacterial DNA Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus ✔

Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic
Plasmid (DNA) modification ✔
LearnIT!
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Cell structure
Part 2 (1.2)
Cell structure part 2 - Animal cell specialisation
The structure of different cells helps them to carry out a particular
function within the organism. These cells are called specialised cells.
Name of Diagram Adaptation to function
animal cell
Sperm Function is to fertilise an egg
• Streamlined with a long tail to swim to the egg
• Acrosome in the head containing enzymes to digest the
egg cell membrane
• Large number of mitochondria in the mid section to
release energy for movement
• Ribosomes for protein synthesis
Egg Function is to fuse with sperm and develop into

embryo
• Nutrients in the cytoplasm for respiration and cell
division
• Haploid nucleus
• Cell membrane changes to prevent further sperm entry
Ciliated Function is movement of substances

epithelium • Surface contains cilia (microscopic hairs) to sweep
substances e.g. mucus
• Large number of mitochondria to release energy
QuestionIT!
Cell structure
Part 2
1. Name animal cells A, B and C and describe their structure and function.
Name of Diagram Structure and function
animal cell
A.
B.
C.
AnswerIT!
Cell structure
Part 2
1. Name animal cells A, B and C and describe their structure and function.
Name of Diagram Structure and function
animal cell
A. Sperm Function is to fertilise an egg.
• Streamlined with a long tail to swim to the egg.
• Acrosome in the head containing enzymes to digest the
egg cell membrane.
• Large number of mitochondria in the mid section to
release energy for movement.
• Ribosomes for protein synthesis
B. Egg Function is to fuse with sperm and develop into

embryo.
• Nutrients in the cytoplasm for respiration and cell
division
• Haploid nucleus
• Cell membrane changes after fertilisation to prevent
second sperm from fertilising egg
C. Ciliated Function is movement of substances.

epithelial • Surface contains cilia to sweep substance e.g.
mucus
• Large number of mitochondria to release energy
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Cell structure
Part 3 (1.3-1.6)
• Microscopy
Cell structure part 3- Microscopy
light microscope electron microscope

First used in 1590’s First used in 1960’s
Feature Light (optical) microscope Electron microscope
Radiation used Light rays Electron beams
Max magnification ~ 1500 times ~ 2 000 000 times
Resolution 200nm 0.2nm
Size of microscope Small and portable Very large and not portable
Cost ~£100 for a school one Several £100,000 to £1 million plus
Resolution: The shortest distance between two Video - Types of
objects that can be seen clearly. microscopes
Cell structure part 3 - Microscopy
Electron microscopes have a higher magnification and resolution than

light microscopes. This means that scientists can see more sub- cellular
structures (structures within the cells) with greater clarity.
le us
nuc
dria
hon
c
to
mi
mi
to
ch
on
dr
i on
Light microscopes image Electron microscopes image
can let us see structures can let us see the internal
like nuclei and structures of a chloroplast and
mitochondria. mitochondrion.
Cell structure part 3 - Microscopy
You can calculate the magnification of an image by using the equation:
MAGNIFICATION: the number of times bigger the
image looks compared to the object
magnification M = size of image I IMAGE: what is viewed through the microscope
real size of the object A lenses
OBJECT: the ACTUAL specimen under microscope.
Make sure the image and object size have the
same units.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1:
IMAGE
A magnified animal cell structure has a diameter of 6 mm.
The actual diameter of the structure is 0.15mm. OBJECT
Calculate how many times the structure has been magnified.

M= I M= 6 M = 40 You may need to
A 0.15 write your answers
in standard form.
You may need to be able rearrange to change the subject of the equation.
Cell structure part 3- Microscopy
magnification M = size of image I
real size of the object A
WORKED EXAMPLE 2:
The actual length of a cell structure is 30𝛍m. OBJECT
OBJECT(A)
(A)
It is magnified 40 times. MAGNIFICATION (M)

You may need to to
write your answers
Calculate the length of the magnified cell structure in mm.
in standard form.
Rearrange the equation to make I the subject
Ax M= I xA Multiply both sides by A
A Cancel out the As
To convert to mm
I= MxA Put I on the left of the equation you need to divide
by 1000
I = 40 x 30 I = 1200 𝛍m I = 1.2mm
Cell structure part 3 – Microscopy
Making a wet mount slide e.g. onion cells
• Place a thin section of the specimen onto slide.
• Place a drop of water in the middle of the slide
or stain the specimen.
• Gently lower cover slip onto the specimen
without trapping air bubbles.
Drawing what you see • Soak up any excess liquid with a paper towel.
• Clear line drawing – no shading • Switch on the light source and place your slide
• Label main cell structures on the stage.
• Add a title and the magnification. • Use the lowest objective lens and turn the
focusing wheel to move the lens close to the
slide.
• Slowly adjust the focusing wheel until you can
see a clear image.
• Increase the magnification by changing the
objective lens and re-focus.
See GCSE Practical Guide - Biology – Microscopy on Huddle - Microscopy Practical guide
QuestionIT!
Cell structure
Part 3
• Microscopy
1. Define the term ‘resolution’.

2. Copy and complete the table below.
Radiation used
Max magnification
Resolution
Size of microscope
Cost
3. What are the advantages of the electron microscope?

4. Name the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the light
microscope?
5. What are the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the
electron microscope?
6. Write down the magnification equation.

7. Rearrange the equation to change the subject for the two other
factors.
8. A magnified cell structure has a diameter of 375𝛍m.
The actual diameter of the structure is 2.5𝛍m.
9. The actual length of a cell structure is 3𝛍m.
It is magnified 1,500 times.
10. Name the parts of the light microscope in the diagram below.
11. How would you make an onion cell slide?

12. How would you use the light microscope to view onion cells?
AnswerIT!
Cell structure
Part 3
• Microscopy
1. Define the term resolution.
The shortest distance between two objects that can be seen clearly.
2. Copy and complete the table below.
Radiation used Light rays Electron beams
Max magnification ~ 1500 times ~ 2 000 000 times
Resolution 200nm 0.2nm
Size of microscope Small and portable Very large and not portable
Cost ~£100 for a school one Several £100,000 to £1 million plus
3. What are the advantages of the electron microscope? Electron microscopes

have a higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes; scientists
can see more sub-cellular structures.
4. Name the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the light microscope?
Nuclei and mitochondria
5. What are the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the electron
microscope? Internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Cell structure part 3 – AnswerIT
6. Write down the magnification equation.
magnification (M) = size of image (I)
real size of the object (A)
7. Rearrange the equation to change the subject for the two other factors.
size of image (I) = magnification (M) x real size of the object (A)
real size of the object (A) = size of image (I)

magnification (M)
8. A magnified cell structure has a diameter of 375𝛍m.
The actual diameter of the structure is 2.5𝛍m.
M = I/A M = 375/2.5 = 150 M = 150 times
9. The actual length of a cell structure is 3𝛍m.
It is magnified 1,500 times.
I=MxA I = 1500 x 3 I = 4500 𝛍m 4500 / 1000 = 4.5mm
10. Name the parts of the light microscope in the diagram below.
11. Describe how you would make an onion cell slide.

• Place thin section of onion epidermis onto slide.
• Place a drop of iodine in the middle of the slide to stain the onion.
• Gently lower cover slip onto the onion without trapping air
bubbles.
• Soak up any excess liquid with a paper towel.
12. Describe how you would use the light microscope to view onion
cells.
• Switch on the light source and place your slide on the stage.
• Use the lowest objective lens and turn the focusing wheel to move
the lens close to the slide.
• Slowly adjust the focusing wheel until you can see a clear image.
• Increase the magnification by changing the objective lens and re-
focus.
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Key concepts in biology
Part 4 (1.7-1.14B)
Enzymes
Food tests (biology)
Food calorimetry (biology)
Key Concepts in biology part 4- Enzymes
‘Lock and Key theory’ is a model to explain enzyme action.

Enzymes are made of proteins and are biological catalysts - substances that increase
the rate of chemical reactions without being used up. The shape of the active site of
the enzyme is specific for each substrate (substance the enzyme acts on).
Video - Enzymes
The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins in the body. Some glucose is used in respiration.
PiXL - Required Practical Guides - Enzymes
Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and by pH. Specific conditions are

needed to keep enzymes working at their best. OPTIMUM CONDITIONS! Enzymes
control the chemical reactions in the body, this is known as metabolism.
In enzyme reactions, increasing the DENATURED
temperature will initially increase the
rate of reaction due to increased collisions
between the enzyme and substrates. BUT if
The active site has
the temperature is too high the enzyme
changed shape so the
will denature (NB: denature, NOT die/killed) substrate cannot fit.
because some of the bonds in the protein
break so changing its shape.
If the temperature is too low

then enzymes do not work
effectively. If the metabolic rate
of an organism falls too low
then the organism may die. The
enzymes become inactive but
they are not killed.
The digestive system is an Digestion is where large insoluble molecules

example of an organ system are broken down into smaller soluble ones
where different organs work that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
together to digest and absorb Digestion occurs in the GUT (tube from the
food. mouth to the anus) and it relies on ENZYMES
(biological catalysts).
Activity - Digestive Enzymes
Digestive Where
Breakdown what?
Enzyme released?
Salivary Carbohydrates into
Carbohydrase
glands and simple sugars
(amylase)
pancreas (maltose)
Stomach and Proteins into amino

Protease
pancreas acids
Fats and oils (lipids)

Lipase Pancreas into fatty acids and
glycerol
Video - Digestion and Enzymes PiXL - Required Practical Guide Food Tests
Digestion and pH. The Rate of

stomach releases acid. The enzyme
enzymes made in the controlled
stomach work best in acidic reaction
conditions. The enzymes (arbitrary
made in the pancreas and units)
small intestine work best in
alkaline conditions. pH
This sketch graph shows
Bile is made in the liver and stored in that different enzymes have
the gall bladder. It is alkaline to a different optimum pH.
neutralise hydrochloric acid from Substrate concentration will
the stomach. It also emulsifies fat affect the rate of enzyme
to form small droplets which activity. The higher the
increases the surface area. amount of substrate
The alkaline conditions and large present, the faster the
reaction will occur until all
surface area increase the rate of fat
active sites are full and vice
breakdown by lipase. versa.
Substrate concentration will affect the rate of enzyme activity.
The higher the amount of substrate present the faster the

reaction will occur until all active sites are full.
Once all the active sites are full the reaction cannot proceed any
faster.
All active sites full

Rate of enzyme
controlled
reaction
(arbitrary units)
Substrate concentration (arbitrary units)

Practical procedure: Amylase and pH
Video 1 Video 2
Amylase is an enzyme which breaks down starch into maltose.

Starch can be detected using iodine solution.
If starch is present, the iodine solution turns from a browny red colour to a blue
black colour.
Image from: http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-biology/investigating-effect-ph-amylase-activity

Rate is a measurement of how something changes over a

period of time.
We can calculate the rate of reaction for an enzyme experiment
using the formula: The units are s-1.
Buffer pH Time taken for Rate of reaction

amylase to break 1
down starch (s) time ( s-1 )
9 180 1180 = 0.006

7 90 190 = 0.011
4 150 1150 = 0.007
1 210 1210 = 0.005
Practical procedure: Food tests (biology)
Video 1 Video 2
Key Concepts in biology part 4- Food calorimetry (biology)
Food calorimetry can be used to see how much energy certain foods contain.
1. Weigh a small amount of the food and place on the
mounted needle.
2. Measure out 25cm3 of water and place it in a
boiling tube.
3. Measure the temperature of the water.
4. Set the food alight using a Bunsen burner.
5. Hold the burning food under the water until it goes
out.
6. Try to relight the food and hold it under the water.
7. Measure the final temperature of the water.
Calculate how many joules of energy the food contained:
Energy in food (J) = Mass of water (g) x temperature change of water (C) x 4.2
1 g of water is the same as 1 cm3 of water.
In order to compare the energy values of different food you must calculate how many
joules are in each gram of food.
Energy per gram of food = energy in food (J)  mass of food (g)
QuestionIT!
Part 4 (1.7-1.14B)
•Enzymes
•Food tests (biology)
•Food calorimetry (biology)
Key concepts in biology part 4 – QuestionIT
1. What is digestion?
2. What is an enzyme?
3. Complete the table below:
Digestive Enzyme Where released? Breakdown what?
Amylase
Protease
Lipase
4. What biological molecule are enzymes made of?

5. What is the active site of an enzyme?
6. What is a substrate?
7. What are the products of digestion used for in the body?

8. What does denatured mean?
9. How does increasing the temperature affect enzyme activity?
10. How does pH affect enzyme activity?
11. What is the role of bile in digestion?
12. Enzymes are also required to catalyse the synthesis of larger molecules.
Complete the table to show what complex molecules are being made:
Monomers Polymers synthesised with
the aid of enzymes.
Amino acids
Fatty acids and glycerol
Glucose
Biology Only
13. What reagent is used to identify the presence of starch?
14. Which reagent is used to identify the presence of a reducing sugar?
15. Which test is used to identify if protein is present?
16. Which flammable reagent is used in the emulsion test for lipids?
17. List the equipment needed to find out how much energy is in 1g of
peanuts.
AnswerIT!
Part 4 (1.7-1.14B)
Enzymes
Food tests (biology)
Food calorimetry (biology)
Key concepts in biology part 4 – AnswerIT
1. What is digestion? Large insoluble molecules are broken down into

smaller soluble ones.
2. What is an enzyme? A biological catalyst – they speed up the rate of
reaction without being used up.
3. Complete the table below:
Digestive Enzyme Where released? Breakdown what?
Salivary glands and
Amylase
pancreas Carbohydrates into simple sugars
Stomach and
Protease Proteins into amino acids
pancreas
Fats and oils (lipids) into fatty acids
Lipase Pancreas and glycerol
4. What biological molecule are enzymes made of? Proteins.

5. What is the active site of an enzyme? It is where the substrate binds.
6. What is a substrate? Substance (chemical) that the enzyme acts on.
Key Concepts in biology Part 4 – AnswerIT
7. What are the products of digestion used for in the body? They are used
to synthesize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the body. Glucose is
used in respiration.
8. What does denatured mean? That the active site of the enzyme has
changed shape so the substrate cannot fit.
9. How does increasing the temperature affect enzyme activity? Initially it
increases the rate of reaction due to increased collisions between the
enzyme and substrates, but if the temperature is too high the enzyme
will denature.
10. How does pH affect enzyme activity? Enzymes have optimum pH
conditions, if these are too alkaline or acidic the enzyme denatures.
11. What is the role of bile in digestion? It neutralises stomach
(hydrochloric) acid and emulsifies fats.
Key Concepts in biology Part 4 – AnswerIT
12. Enzymes are also required to catalyse the synthesis of larger molecules.
Complete the table to show what complex molecules are being made:
Monomers Polymers synthesised with

Monomers Polymersthe aid of enzymes.
synthesised with
the aid of enzymes.
Amino acids Proteins
Amino acids
Fatty
Fatty acids
acids andand glycerol
glycerol Lipids (Fats)
Glucose Glucose Carbohydrates (Starch)
Biology Only
13. What reagent is used to identify the presence of starch? Iodine solution
14. Which reagent is used to identify the presence of a reducing sugar? Benedict's
solution
15. Which test is used to identify if protein is present? Biuret
16. Which flammable reagent is used in the emulsion test for lipids? Ethanol
17. List the equipment needed to find out how much energy is in 1g of peanuts. Balance,
boiling tube, measuring cylinder, mounted needle, Bunsen burner, mat, clamp stand
and clamp, thermometer, safety glasses.
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Transport in cells
Part 5 (1.15-1.17)
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
Key concepts in biology part 5 - Diffusion
Diffusion is the spreading of the particles of a gas or substances in solution,

resulting in a net movement of particles from a region where they are of a higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion can occur in: Air – smells from perfume etc.
Solution – tea from a tea bag, dye in water etc.
Through membranes – small intestines, blood cells etc.
Substances that are transported in and out of cells in humans

Location Particles move From To
Small
Intestine Digested food e.g. Small intestine Blood in capillary
glucose, amino acids of villus
Lungs Oxygen Alveolar air Blood circulating

space around the lungs
Kidneys Urea Cells Blood plasma

Key concepts in biology part 5 - Diffusion
Factors which affect the rate of diffusion. The larger the difference in concentration
the faster the rate of diffusion.
The concentration gradient:
A difference in concentration between
two areas next to each other. Particles
will move down the concentration
gradient from high to low.
The temperature:
As the temperature increases, the particles
in a gas or liquid gain more energy
so they move faster. The hotter it is the
faster the rate of diffusion. Beetroot in different temperatures of water
The surface area of the membrane:

A single-celled organism has a
large surface area compared to its
volume. This allows sufficient transport of
molecules into and out of the cell
to meet the needs of the organism.
Key concepts in biology part 5 - Osmosis
Osmosis in plant and animal cells:
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a
dilute solution to a concentrated
solution through a partially permeable
membrane.
Hypertonic – more concentrated

The rate of osmosis changes depending solution than in the cells.
on the concentration gradient and Isotonic – same concentration as
temperature. the solution in the cell.
Partially permeable membrane – a membrane Hypotonic – more dilute than the
that lets some but not all substances through.
solution in the cells.
Practical procedure: Osmosis in potato
Video 1 Video 2
Osmosis results:
Work out the percentage change in mass for each chip. This means you can compare the effect of the sucrose concentrations on potato chips which did not have the
same initial mass.
To calculate percentage change use the formula:
Concentration Initial mass of Final mass of Percentage change in

of sucrose potato chip potato chip mass (g)
solution (M) (g) (g)
A B
0.0 1.82 2.10
15.38
0.1 1.79 1.92
7.26
0.2 1.78 1.79
0.3 1.88 1.73 0.56
0.4 1.70 1.43 -7.98 Negative

numbers mean
0.5 1.98 1.45 -15.88
the potato chip
-26.77 has lost mass.
Transport in cells – QuestionIT
At points above the x axis the water concentration At the point when the line crosses
of the sucrose solution is higher than in the potato the x axis the sucrose solution and
chip. Water enters the potato chip by osmosis and the fluid in the potato chip have the
it gains mass. same concentration (isotonic).
There is no net gain or loss of
water by osmosis.
At points below the x axis the water concentration

of the sucrose solution is lower than in the potato
chip. Water leaves the potato chip by osmosis and
it loses mass.
Key concepts in biology part 5 – Active Transport
Active transport occurs in root hair cells.
Active transport moves substances
from a more dilute solution to a more
concentrated solution (against a
concentration gradient). The energy is
provided by respiration.
The minerals are at a higher concentration in

the root hair cell than in the soil. So the
minerals move into the cell against the
concentration gradient.
Active transport also occurs in the gut (small
intestines); sugar (glucose) molecules are
absorbed from lower concentrations in the
gut into the blood which has a higher sugar
concentration.
The glucose is used for respiration.
QuestionIT!
Transport in cells
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
Transport in cells part 5 – QuestionIT
1. Define ‘diffusion’.
2. State two places where diffusion occurs in the body.
3. What is a concentration gradient?
4. What three factors affect the concentration gradient?
5. Define ‘osmosis’.
6. What is a ‘partially permeable membrane’?
7. What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
8. What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?
9. Define ‘active transport’.
10. Why does active transport need to occur in root hair cells?
11. Why is percentage change in mass calculated for osmosis results?
AnswerIT!
Transport in cells
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
Transport in cells part 5 – AnswerIT
1. Define ‘diffusion’?
The spreading of particles from a region where they are of a higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
2. State three places where diffusion occurs in the body. Small
intestines, lungs, kidneys.
3. What is a concentration gradient? The difference in concentration
between two areas next to each other.
4. What three factors affect rate of diffusion? Concentration gradient,
temperature, surface area.
Transport in cells part 5 – AnswerIT
5. Define osmosis? Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution
to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
6. What is a partially permeable membrane? A membrane that lets some
but not all substances through.
7. What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution? It will lose water
by osmosis and shrivel.
8. What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution? It will absorb
water by osmosis and get bigger/burst.
9. Define active transport. Active transport moves substances from a more
dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration
gradient) using energy from respiration.
10. Why does active transport need to occur in root hair cells? Because the
minerals are at a higher concentration in the roots than in the soil.
11. Why is percentage change in mass calculated for osmosis results? So that
the effect of different sucrose concentrations can be compared for potato
chips which did not have the same initial mass.

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Edexcel Topic – Key Concepts in

• Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

These are smaller than eukaryotic

You will need to

Contains genetic material which controls the activities

Cell membrane Controls movement of substances into and out of cell ✔ ✔ ✔

Chromosomal DNA Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus ✔

• Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

1. Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

Prefix Multiple Standard form

4. Why do scientists use prefixes?

5. Name the structures A to L on the diagrams below and label cells 1, 2

Contains genetic material which controls the activities of

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the

Most energy is released by respiration here

Ribosomes Protein synthesis happens here

Strengthens the cell – made of cellulose

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus

• Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

1. Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

4. Why do scientists use prefixes?

Contains genetic material which controls the activities of the

Chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll, absorbs light energy for photosynthesis ✔

Bacterial DNA Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus ✔

Egg Function is to fuse with sperm and develop into

Ciliated Function is movement of substances

B. Egg Function is to fuse with sperm and develop into

C. Ciliated Function is movement of substances.

light microscope electron microscope

Electron microscopes have a higher magnification and resolution than

Calculate how many times the structure has been magnified.

It is magnified 40 times. MAGNIFICATION (M)

1. Define the term ‘resolution’.

3. What are the advantages of the electron microscope?

6. Write down the magnification equation.

11. How would you make an onion cell slide?

3. What are the advantages of the electron microscope? Electron microscopes

real size of the object (A) = size of image (I)

11. Describe how you would make an onion cell slide.

‘Lock and Key theory’ is a model to explain enzyme action.

Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and by pH. Specific conditions are

If the temperature is too low

The digestive system is an Digestion is where large insoluble molecules

Stomach and Proteins into amino

Fats and oils (lipids)

Digestion and pH. The Rate of

Substrate concentration will affect the rate of enzyme activity.

The higher the amount of substrate present the faster the

All active sites full

Substrate concentration (arbitrary units)

Amylase is an enzyme which breaks down starch into maltose.

Image from: http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-biology/investigating-effect-ph-amylase-activity

Rate is a measurement of how something changes over a

Buffer pH Time taken for Rate of reaction

9 180 1180 = 0.006

4. What biological molecule are enzymes made of?

7. What are the products of digestion used for in the body?

1. What is digestion? Large insoluble molecules are broken down into