Pixl Knowit!: Gcse Chemistry

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PiXL KnowIT!
GCSE Chemistry
AQA Topic – Chemical Analysis

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Overview
Chemical Analysis
Purity, formulations and chromatography
• Pure substances
• Formulations
• Chromatography
Identification of common gases
• Test for hydrogen
• Test for oxygen
• Test for carbon dioxide
• Test for chlorine
Identification of ions by chemical and
spectroscopic means (Chemistry only)
• Flame tests
• Metal hydroxides
• Carbonates
• Halides
• Sulfates
• Instrumental methods
• Flame emission spectroscopy
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Purity, formulations
And chromatography
• Pure substances
• Formulations
• Chromatography
Pure substances and Formulations
In chemistry, a pure substance is a single element or Learn this definition
compound not mixed with any other substance. for the exam
Pure substances have specific

melting and boiling
temperatures.
These can be used to
distinguish pure substances
from mixtures. Melting point of a pure substance Melting point of an impure substance
In Science we would not refer a substance such as milk as being pure as it is a

mixture of a number of different substances.
A formulation is a mixture that has been designed as a useful product.
Formulations are made by mixing the components in carefully measured

quantities to ensures that the product has the required properties. Formulations
include fuels, cleaning agents, paints, medicines, alloys, fertilisers and foods
Position solvent
Chromatography
reaches
Chromatography can be used to separate

mixtures. Parts of mixture
separated
Chromatography involves a stationary phase
and a mobile phase.
The ratio of the distance moved by a

compound (centre of spot from origin) can be
expressed as it’s Rf value:
Rf = distance moved by substance
distance moved by solvent
When calculating the Rf value remember the Mixture to be
solvent will always travel further than the separated
substance so the Rf value can never be greater

than 1. Solvent
Different compounds have different Rf values in different solvents, which can be

used to help identify the compounds. A pure compound will produce a single spot
in all solvents.
QuestionIT!
Purify, formulations
and chromatography
• Purity
• Formulations
• Chromatography
Purity, Formulations and Chromatography – QuestionIT
1. What is a pure substance?
2. How could you distinguish between a pure substance and a

mixture?
3. What is a formulation?
4. How are formulations made?
5. Give two examples of formulations.

6. What is chromatograph?
7. What happens in the stationary and mobile phases?
8. State the equation used to find the Rf value.
9. A solvent travels 8cm up the stationary phase, two spots separate

out. A travels 6cm up the mobile phase, B travels 4.5cm up the
mobile phase. Give the Rf value for both to two decimal places.
AnswerIT!
Purify, formulations
and chromatography
• Purity
• Formulations
• Chromatography
1. What is a pure substance?
A single element or compound, not mixed with any other
substance.
2. How could you distinguish between a pure substance and a
mixture?
Pure substances melt and boil at specific temperatures. Melting
and boiling point data could be used.
3. What is a formulation?
A mixture that has been designed as a useful product.
4. How are formulations made?
Mixing the components in carefully measured quantities to ensure
the product has the required properties.
5. Give two examples of formulations.
Fuels, cleaning agents, paints, medicines, alloys, fertilisers and
foods.
6. What is chromatograph?
Used to help separate mixtures, can give information to help
identify substances.
7. What happens in the stationary and mobile phases?
Stationary phase is the paper; mobile phase is the solvent. Mixture
is dissolved in the solvent and moves up the stationary phase.
8. State the equation used to find the Rf value.
distance moved by substance
Rf =
distance moved by solvent
9. A solvent travels 8cm up the stationary phase, two spots separate
out. A travels 6cm up the mobile phase, B travels 4.5cm up the
mobile phase. Give the Rf value for both to two decimal places.
A = 0.75, B= 0.56
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Identification of
common gases
• Test for oxygen
Test For Hydrogen

The test for hydrogen uses a burning splint held
at the open end of a test tube of the gas.
Hydrogen burns rapidly with a pop sound.
Test For Oxygen

The test for oxygen uses a glowing splint inserted
into a test tube of the gas. The splint relights in
oxygen.
You must learn all of these tests, including how the gas is tested and the positive result
that proves that the chemical is the gas you are testing for.
Test For Carbon Dioxide

The test for carbon dioxide uses an aqueous
solution of calcium hydroxide (lime water).
When carbon dioxide is shaken or bubbled
through limewater the limewater turns milky
(cloudy).
Test For Chlorine

The test for chlorine uses litmus paper. When
damp litmus paper is put into chlorine gas the
litmus paper is bleached and turns white.
You must learn all of these tests, including how the gas is tested and the positive result
that proves that the chemical is the gas you are testing for.
QuestionIT!
Identification of
common gases
• Test for oxygen
Identification of common gases – QuestionIT
1. How would you test for oxygen gas?
2. An unknown gas gives out a squeaky pop when a burning splint is

put into it. What is the gas?
3. Describe how you would test for carbon dioxide gas.
4. A student wrote down the following description for testing

chlorine: “Use litmus paper it turns from red to blue.” Where has
he gone wrong?
AnswerIT!
Identification of
common gases
• Test for oxygen
Identification of common gases – QuestionIT
1. How would you test for oxygen gas?
Glowing splint; splint relights.
2. An unknown gas gives out a squeaky pop when a burning splint is
put into it. What is the gas?
Hydrogen.
3. Describe how you would test for carbon dioxide gas.
Limewater; turns cloudy/milky.
4. A student wrote down the following description for testing
chlorine: “Use litmus paper it turns from red to blue.” Where has
he gone wrong?
Moist litmus paper; litmus paper is bleached, turns white.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Identification of ions by
chemical means
(Chemistry only) Part 1
• Flame tests
Identification of ions by chemical means Part 1 (Chemistry only)
Flame Tests
Flame tests can be used to identify some metal
ions (cations).
• Lithium compounds results in a crimson flame.
• Sodium compounds result in a yellow flame.
• Potassium compounds result in a lilac flame.
• Calcium compounds result in orange-red
flame.
• Copper compounds result in a green flame.
All of these colours are distinctive and can be
used to identify these metal ions.
If a sample containing a mixture of ions is tested then some of flame colours can
be masked and so will not be seen.
Identification of ions by chemical means Part 1(Chemistry only)
Metal Hydroxides
Sodium hydroxide solution can be used to identify some metal ions (cations).
Sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of the metal ion to be tested, a solid

precipitate (often coloured) is formed and can be used to identify the metal ion.
Aluminium, calcium and magnesium ions form white precipitates when

sodium hydroxide solution is added, but only the aluminium hydroxide
precipitate dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
Coloured precipitates
Copper (II) ions form a blue precipitate.
Iron (II) ions form a green precipitate.
Iron (III) ions form a brown precipitate
when sodium hydroxide solution is added.
You will be expected to write word and balanced symbol equations for all the
precipitation reactions.
Aluminium chloride + sodium hydroxide  aluminium hydroxide + sodium chloride
AlCl3 (aq) + 3NaOH (aq)  Al(OH)3 (s) + 3NaCl (aq)
Calcium chloride + sodium hydroxide  calcium hydroxide + sodium chloride

CaCl2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq)  Ca(OH)2 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
Magnesium chloride + sodium hydroxide  magnesium hydroxide + sodium chloride

MgCl2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq)  Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
Copper(II) chloride + sodium hydroxide  copper (II) hydroxide + sodium chloride

CuCl2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq)  Cu(OH)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq)
Iron (II) chloride + sodium hydroxide  iron (II) hydroxide + sodium chloride
FeCl2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq)  Fe(OH)2 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
Iron (III) chloride + sodium hydroxide  iron (III) hydroxide + sodium chloride
FeCl3 (aq) + 3NaOH (aq)  Fe(OH)3 (s) + 3NaCl (aq)
QuestionIT!
chemical means (Chemistry
only) Part 1
• Flame tests
Identification of ions by chemical means Part 1 (Chemistry only)– QuestionIT
1. What is a flame test?
2. What colour flame would the following metal ions have in a flame
test?
a) Lithium
b) Sodium
c) Potassium
d) Calcium
e) Copper
3. What might cause some flame colours to be masked?

4. What is a precipitate?
5. Sodium hydroxide is used to identify some metal ions. What colour

precipitate do aluminium, calcium and magnesium ions form?
6. How is are aluminium ions distinguished from calcium and

magnesium ions in the reaction with sodium hydroxide?
7. What colour precipitate do the following ions make with sodium

hydroxide?
a) Copper (II)
b) Iron (II)
c) Iron (III)
8. Write the word equation for the reaction between calcium

chloride and sodium hydroxide.
9. Write the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between

aluminium chloride and sodium hydroxide.
10. What colour would be the precipitates be in the above reactions?
11. How could you distinguish between them?

AnswerIT!
chemical means (Chemistry
only) Part 1
• Flame tests
1. What is a flame test?

Rod dipped in water and then in the compound; placed in flame;
observe colour of flame.
2. What colour flame would the following metal ions have in a flame
test?
a) Lithium crimson red
b) Sodium yellow
c) Potassium lilac
d) Calcium orange-red
e) Copper green
3. What might cause some flame colours to be masked?

A sample containing a mixture of ions.
4. What is a precipitate?
A insoluble solid product produced in a liquid.
5. Sodium hydroxide is used to identify some metal ions. What colour
precipitate do aluminium, calcium and magnesium ions form?
White.
6. How is are aluminium ions distinguished from calcium and
magnesium ions in the reaction with sodium hydroxide?
Aluminium hydroxide precipitate dissolves in excess sodium
hydroxide solution.
7. What colour precipitate do the following ions make with sodium
hydroxide?
a) Copper (II) blue
b) Iron (II) green
c) Iron (III) brown
8. Write the word equation for the reaction between calcium

chloride and sodium hydroxide.
Calcium chloride + sodium hydroxide 
calcium hydroxide + sodium chloride
9. Write the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between
aluminium chloride and sodium hydroxide.
AlCl3 (aq)+ 3NaOH (aq)  Al(OH)3 (s) + 3NaCl (aq)
10. What colour would be the precipitates be in the above reactions?
White.
11. How could you distinguish between them?
Aluminium hydroxide would dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
chemical means Part 2
(Chemistry only)
• Carbonates
• Halides
• Sulfates
Identifying Carbonates Identifying Halide Ions

Carbonates react with dilute acids to Halide ions in solution produce
form carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide precipitates with silver nitrate solution
can be identified with limewater. in the presence of dilute nitric acid.
Silver chloride is white.
Silver bromide is cream.
Silver iodide is yellow.
Identifying Sulfate Ions

Sulfate ions in solution produce a white precipitate with barium chloride in the
presence of dilute hydrochloric acid.
Again you need to remember these colours and be able to write out the word and symbol
equations shown on the next slide in the exam. Do not forget the state symbols.
Halide Ions
Sodium chloride + silver nitrate  sliver chloride + sodium chloride

NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq)  AgCl (s) + NaCl (aq)
Sodium bromide + silver nitrate  silver bromide + sodium chloride

NaBr (aq) + AgNO3 (aq)  AgBr (s) + NaCl (aq)
Sodium iodide + silver nitrate  silver iodide + sodium chloride

NaI (aq) + AgNO3 (aq)  AgI (s) + NaCl (aq)
Sulfate Ions
Barium chloride + sodium sulfate  barium sulfate + sodium chloride

BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq)  BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
QuestionIT!
(Chemistry only)
• Carbonates
• Halides
• Sulfates
Identification of ions by chemical means Part 2 (Chemistry only)QuestionIT
1. How would you test for a carbonate?
2. How would you test the gas produced by the above reaction?
3. How would you test for halide ions?
4. How could you use the above test to distinguish between halide
ions?
5. Silver nitrate is added to an unknown chemical in solution. A

cream precipitate is produced. What is the halide ion present?
6. (HT) Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction above.
7. How would you test for sulfate ions?
8. Write the word and balanced symbol equation for the reaction
between sodium sulfate and barium chloride.
AnswerIT!
(Chemistry only)
• Carbonates
• Halides
• Sulfates
1. How would you test for a carbonate?

React with dilute hydrochloric acid to form carbon dioxide gas.
2. How would you test the gas produced by the above reaction?
Limewater goes cloudy/ milky.
3. How would you test for halide ions?
Produce precipitate with silver nitrate in the presence of nitric
acid.
4. How could you use the above test to distinguish between halide
ions?
Silver chloride = white; silver bromide = cream;
silver iodide = yellow.
5. Silver nitrate is added to an unknown chemical in solution. A

cream precipitate is produced. What is the halide ion present?
Bromide.
6. (HT) Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction above.
Ag+(aq) + Br -(aq)  AgBr(s)
7. How would you test for sulfate ions?
Add barium chloride solution in the presence of hydrochloric acid;
white precipitate formed.
8. Write the word and balanced symbol equation for the reaction
between sodium sulfate and barium chloride.
Barium chloride + sodium sulfate  barium sulfate + sodium chloride
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq)  BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
instrumental methods
(Chemistry only)
• Flame emission
spectroscopy
Identification of ions by instrumental methods (Chemistry only)
Elements and compounds • Flame emission spectroscopy is used to analyse

can be detected and metal ions in solution.
identified using • The sample is put into a flame and the light given
instrumental methods. out is passed through a spectroscope.
Instrumental methods • The output is a line spectrum that can be analysed
are: to identify the metal ions in the solution and
• Accurate measure their concentrations.
• Sensitive
• Rapid Lithium
Sodium
These are the advantages
of using instrumental potassium
methods compared with
wavelength 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
the earlier chemical tests, In nm
you need to know these Each metal has their own patterns of
for the exam. bands which allows them to be identified
as being present in the solution.
QuestionIT!
(Chemistry only)
Identification of ions by instrumental methods (Chemistry only)QuestionIT
1. Give three advantages of instrumental methods for detecting ions

compared with chemical methods.
2. What is flame emission spectroscopy used for?
3. How is flame emission spectroscopy carried out?

Identification of ions by instrumental methods (Chemistry only)QuestionIT
4. Five different samples were analysed using flame emission

spectroscopy, the results are shown below. Which two of the results
show the same metal?
A
E
AnswerIT!
(Chemistry only)
Identification of ions by instrumental methods (Chemistry only)AnswerIT
1. Give three advantages of instrumental methods for detecting ions

compared with chemical methods.
accurate/sensitive/rapid
2. What is flame emission spectroscopy used for?
To analyse metal ions in solution.
3. How is flame emission spectroscopy carried out?.
Sample is put into a flame, light given out is passed through a
spectroscope, line spectrum produced is analysed to identify
metal ions
Identification of ions by instrumental methods (Chemistry only)AnswerIT
4. Five different samples were analysed using flame emission

spectroscopy, the results are shown below. Which two of the results
show the same metal?
A
A and D

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AQA Topic – Chemical Analysis

Pure substances have specific

In Science we would not refer a substance such as milk as being pure as it is a

A formulation is a mixture that has been designed as a useful product.

Formulations are made by mixing the components in carefully measured

Chromatography can be used to separate

The ratio of the distance moved by a

substance so the Rf value can never be greater

Different compounds have different Rf values in different solvents, which can be

2. How could you distinguish between a pure substance and a

4. How are formulations made?

5. Give two examples of formulations.

7. What happens in the stationary and mobile phases?

8. State the equation used to find the Rf value.

9. A solvent travels 8cm up the stationary phase, two spots separate

Test For Hydrogen

Test For Oxygen

Test For Carbon Dioxide

Test For Chlorine

2. An unknown gas gives out a squeaky pop when a burning splint is

3. Describe how you would test for carbon dioxide gas.

4. A student wrote down the following description for testing

Sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of the metal ion to be tested, a solid

Aluminium, calcium and magnesium ions form white precipitates when

Calcium chloride + sodium hydroxide  calcium hydroxide + sodium chloride

Magnesium chloride + sodium hydroxide  magnesium hydroxide + sodium chloride

Copper(II) chloride + sodium hydroxide  copper (II) hydroxide + sodium chloride

1. What is a flame test?

3. What might cause some flame colours to be masked?

5. Sodium hydroxide is used to identify some metal ions. What colour

6. How is are aluminium ions distinguished from calcium and

7. What colour precipitate do the following ions make with sodium

8. Write the word equation for the reaction between calcium

9. Write the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between

10. What colour would be the precipitates be in the above reactions?

11. How could you distinguish between them?

1. What is a flame test?

3. What might cause some flame colours to be masked?

8. Write the word equation for the reaction between calcium

Identifying Carbonates Identifying Halide Ions

Identifying Sulfate Ions

Sodium chloride + silver nitrate  sliver chloride + sodium chloride

Sodium bromide + silver nitrate  silver bromide + sodium chloride

Sodium iodide + silver nitrate  silver iodide + sodium chloride

Barium chloride + sodium sulfate  barium sulfate + sodium chloride

1. How would you test for a carbonate?

3. How would you test for halide ions?

5. Silver nitrate is added to an unknown chemical in solution. A

7. How would you test for sulfate ions?

1. How would you test for a carbonate?

5. Silver nitrate is added to an unknown chemical in solution. A

Elements and compounds • Flame emission spectroscopy is used to analyse

1. Give three advantages of instrumental methods for detecting ions

2. What is flame emission spectroscopy used for?

3. How is flame emission spectroscopy carried out?

4. Five different samples were analysed using flame emission

1. Give three advantages of instrumental methods for detecting ions

4. Five different samples were analysed using flame emission