Unit 3 Revision Powerpoint.154259241

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PiXL KnowIT!
GCSE Chemistry
Edexcel Topic – Chemical changes

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Overview
Chemical changes
Reactions of acids
• Acids and alkalis
• Indicators
• Strong and weak acids (HT)
• Reactions with metals
• pH and neutralisation
• Salts
• Titration
• Tests for hydrogen and carbon dioxide
Electrolytic processes
• Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds
• Electrolysis of an aqueous solution
• Purification of copper
• Representation at electrodes as half
equations (HT)
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Reactions of acids
PART 1
• Indicators
Reactions of acids - PART 1
Bases
• A base is any substance that reacts with
Acids an acid to form a salt and water only.
• Acids in solution are sources of hydrogen • Alkalis are soluble bases.
ions. • Alkalis in solution are sources of
• Acidic solutions have lower pH values hydroxide ions.
than neutral pH 7. • Alkaline solutions have higher pH values
than neutral 7.
HIGHER TIER only:

• Higher H+ concentration = lower pH
• Higher OH- concentration = higher pH
Indicators are substances which change colour
when you add them to acids and alkali.
Litmus goes red in acid and blue in alkali.
Methyl orange is red in acidic conditions, yellow

in neutral and alkaline conditions.
Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic and

neutral conditions and pink in alkaline
conditions.
Universal indicator, made from many dyes, is

used to tell you pH. The scale runs from 0 (most
acidic) to 14 (most alkaline). Aqueous solutions
of acids have a pH value less than 7, and for
alkalis greater than 7 and anything in the middle
is neutral (pH 7). You can use a pH meter to
record the change of a pH over time.
Reactions of acids – HIGHER - PART 1
Acids must dissolve in water to show their acidic properties.
A concentrated acid has a relatively large amount of solute dissolved in the solvent.
A dilute acid has a relatively smaller amount of solute dissolved in the solvent.
The molecules split up to form hydrogen ions.
A strong acid is completely ionised in aqueous
solution. Hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric acid.
A weak acid is only partially ionised in aqueous

solution. Ethanoic, citric and carbonic.
A weak acid (aq) has a lower pH than a Concentration of pH

hydrogen ions in
strong acid (aq) of the same concentration. mol/dm3
This is because a weak acid has a lower
concentration of hydrogen ions. 0.10 1.0
0.010 2.0
As the pH decrease by one unit, the 0.0010 3.0
hydrogen ion concentration of the solution 0.00010 4.0
increase by a factor of 10.
Acids react with some metals to produce salts and hydrogen.
Metal + acid  salt + hydrogen
Reactions between metals and acids only occur if the metal is more reactive than
the hydrogen in the acid. If the metal is too reactive, the reaction with acid is
violent.
The salt that is made depends on the metal and acid used.
Salts made when metals react with nitric acid are called nitrates.
Zinc + Nitric acid  Zinc Nitrate + Hydrogen
Salts made when metals react with sulfuric acids are called sulfates.
Iron + Sulfuric Acid  Iron Sulfate + Hydrogen
Salts made when metals react with hydrochloric acid are called chlorides.
Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid  Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen

Reactions of acids – HIGHER - PART 1
In the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid, the hydrogen ions are
displaced from the solution by magnesium as the magnesium is more reactive than
hydrogen.
The following ionic equation occurs:
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
The chloride ions are not included as they do not change in the reaction.
These are known as spectator ions.
QuestionIT!
Reactions of acids
PART 1
• Indicators
Reactions of acids – QuestionIT
1. What type of ion are acids a source of?
2. What type of ion are alkalis a source of?
3. What pH do neutral, acids and alkaline solutions have?
4. Describe the colour changes of litmus in different pH solutions.
5. Describe the colour of methyl orange in different pH solutions.
6. Describe the colour of phenolphthalein in different pH solutions.

7. Higher: What impact does increasing the H+ concentration in an

acidic solution have upon the pH?
8. Higher: What impact does increasing the OH- concentration have

upon the pH?
9. Higher: As the pH increases by 1, what happens to the H+

concentration of the solution?
10. Higher: What does the term ‘dilute’ mean?
11. Higher: What does the term ‘concentrated’ mean?

12. Higher: What does the term ‘weak acid’ mean?
13. Higher: What does the term ‘strong acid’ mean?
14. Write a balanced symbol equation, with state symbols, for the
reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
15. Higher: Write an ionic equation, with state symbols, to show

magnesium reacting with hydrochloric acid.
AnswerIT!
Reactions of acids
PART 1
• Indicators
1. What type of ion are acids a source of?

Hydrogen ions/ H+
2. What type of ion are alkalis a source of?
Hydroxide ions/ OH-
3. What pH do neutral, acids and alkaline solutions have?
Neutral = 7; acids < 7; alkalis > 7
4. Describe the colour changes of litmus in different pH solutions.
Red in acids; blue in alkali.
5. Describe the colour of methyl orange in different pH solutions.
Red in acids; yellow in neutral and alkali.
6. Describe the colour of phenolphthalein in different pH solutions.
Colourless in acid and neutral; pink in alkali.
7. Higher: What impact does increasing the H+ concentration in an

acidic solution have upon the pH?
Lowers it.
8. Higher: What impact does increasing the OH- concentration have
upon the pH?
Increases it.
9. Higher: As the pH increases by 1, what happens to the H+
concentration of the solution?
Increases by a factor of 10.
10. Higher: What does the term ‘dilute’ mean?
Low/ less solute dissolved in a particular volume.
11. Higher: What does the term ‘concentrated’ mean?
High/ more solute dissolved in a particular volume.
12. Higher: What does the term ‘weak acid’ mean?

Partially ionised in solution.
13. Higher: What does the term ‘strong acid’ mean?
Fully ionised in solution.
14. Write a balanced symbol equation, with state symbols, for the
reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
15. Higher: Write an ionic equation, with state symbols, to show
magnesium reacting with hydrochloric acid.
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Reactions of acids
PART 2
• Neutralisation
• Salts
• Titration
Acids are neutralised by alkalis (e.g.: soluble metal hydroxides) and bases (e.g.:
insoluble metal hydroxides and metal oxides) to produce salts and water and by
metal carbonates to produce
salts, water and carbon dioxide. H+ and OH- ions combine to form H2O
The salt name depends on the acid used and the positive ions in the alkali, base or
carbonate.
Making Soluble Salts from acids and alkalis
Salts can be made by reacting an acid with an alkali.
Acid + Alkali  Salt + Water
Making Soluble Salts from acids and bases

Salts can be made by reacting an acid with a insoluble base.
Acid + Bases  Salt + Water
Making Soluble Salts from acids and metal carbonates

Salts can be made by reacting an acid with a metal carbonate.
Acid + Metal carbonate  Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
Test For Hydrogen

The test for hydrogen uses a burning splint
held at the open end of a test tube of the
gas. Hydrogen burns rapidly with a pop
sound.
Test For Carbon Dioxide

The test for carbon dioxide uses an
aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide
(lime water). When carbon dioxide is
shaken or bubbled through limewater the
limewater turns milky (cloudy).
You must learn these tests, including how the gas is tested and the positive result
that proves that the chemical is the gas you are testing for.
The volumes of acid and alkali solutions that react with each other
can be measured by titration, using a suitable indictor.
3. Stop adding the acid

when the end-point is
reached (the appropriate
1. Use the pipette to add 2. Fill the burette with acid and colour change in the
25 cm3 of alkali to a note the starting volume. indicator happens). Note
conical flask and add Slowly add the acid from the the final volume reading.
a few drops burette to the alkali in the Repeat steps 1 to 3 until
of indicator. conical flask, swirling to mix. you get consistent
readings.
You must learn these rules and be able to predict whether a precipitate will be formed, and
be able to name it.
• All common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble

• All nitrates are soluble
• Common chlorides are soluble except silver chloride and lead
chloride
• Common sulfates are soluble except those of lead, barium and
calcium
• Common carbonates and hydroxides are insoluble except those of
sodium, potassium and ammonium.
Soluble Insoluble
• All nitrates • Silver chloride and lead chloride
• Common sodium, potassium and ammonium • Lead sulfate, barium sulfate and
salts INCLUDING CARBONATES calcium sulfate
• Most chlorides and sulfates • Most carbonates
Soluble salts can be made from acids by reacting them with solid insoluble
substances, such as metals, metal oxides, hydroxides or carbonates.
1. Measure the required volume of acid with a measuring cylinder and add
the weighed solid (insoluble metal, oxide, hydroxide or carbonate) in
small portions with stirring.
2. Safety goggles required - the mixture may be heated to speed up the
reaction. When no more of the solid dissolves, it means ALL the acid is
neutralised and there should be a little excess solid.
3. Filter the solution to remove the excess solid metal/oxide/carbonate
into an evaporating dish. On filtration, only a solution of the salt is left.
4. Then hot concentrated solution is left to cool and crystallise.
5. After crystallisation, you collect and dry the crystals with a filter paper.
If the solution is heated, the solvent will evaporate faster. Heating a
solution until all the solvent has evaporated is known as
heating to dryness.
Insoluble salts can be made from two soluble salts.
1. Mix together solutions of soluble salts.
2. Insoluble salt will form a precipitate in the solution.
3. Filter off the precipitate and wash several times with pure water.
4. Dry precipitate in an oven.

QuestionIT!
Reactions of acids
PART 2
• Neutralisation
• Salts
• Titration
1. What is the definition of an alkali?
2. What is a base?
3. What is the general equation for a reaction between acids and

metal oxides?

metal hydroxides?

metal carbonates?
6. Describe the test for hydrogen.
7. Describe the test for carbon dioxide.
8. What is a neutralisation reaction?
9. Describe how to carry out a titration.
10. Are nitrates soluble?
11. What can be said about common sodium, potassium and

ammonium salts?
12. Which chlorides are not soluble?
13. Which sulfates are not soluble?
14. Which carbonates are soluble?
15. Describe how to prepare a pure dry sample of an insoluble salt.

AnswerIT!
Reactions of acids
PART 2
• Neutralisation
• Salts
• Titration
1. What is the definition of an alkali?

Soluble base.
2. What is a base?
Any substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water
only.
metal oxides?
Acid + metal oxide  salt + water
metal hydroxides?
Acid + metal hydroxide  salt + water
metal carbonates?
Acid + metal carbonate  salt + water + carbon dioxide
6. Describe the test for hydrogen.

Naked flame/ lighted splint; squeaky pop
7. Describe the test for carbon dioxide.
Limewater; milky/white
8. What is a neutralisation reaction?
Reaction between an acid and a base.
9. Describe how to carry out a titration.
• Known volume of alkali into conical flask
• Add indicator e.g. phenolphthalein
• Fill burette with acid
• Add acid to alkali until indicator shows neutral solution
• Repeat
10. Are nitrates soluble?
Yes.
11. What can be said about common sodium, potassium and

ammonium salts?
Soluble.
12. Which chlorides are not soluble?
Silver chloride, lead chloride.
13. Which sulfates are not soluble?
Lead sulfate, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate.
14. Which carbonates are soluble?
Sodium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, potassium carbonate.
15. Describe how to prepare a pure dry sample of an insoluble salt.
• Mix together solutions of soluble salts.
• Insoluble salt will form a precipitate in the solution.
• Filter off the precipitate
• Wash several times with pure water.
• Dry precipitate in an oven.
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
PART 1
• Electrolysis of a molten ionic
compound
• Electrolysis of an aqueous
solution
Electrolysis - PART 1
When an ionic compound is melted or dissolved in water, the ions are free to
move about the liquid or solution. These liquids and solutions are able to conduct
electricity and are called electrolytes. Passing an electric current though
electrolytes causes the ions to move to the electrodes.
Direct current (DC) supply
_ + Cations (positive ions) go to negative
Negative electrode (cathode).
Positive
electrode electrode
(cathode) (anode) Anions (negative ions go) to the positive
electrode (anode).
Ions are discharged at the electrodes

producing elements. This is called electrolysis.
+ - -
+
+ - HIGHER:
+ - Cations are REDUCED, they gain electrons at
+ - the cathode.
Anions are OXIDISED, they lose electrons at
the anode.
When an ionic compound is electrolysed in a molten state using inert electrodes,
the metal is produced at the cathode and the non metal is produced at the
anode.
lead bromide _ lead + bromine
+
Higher: You can represent what
is happening at each electrode
using half equations.
+ - - Bromide ions Br -
Lead ions Pb + +
+ -
-
+
-
Molten lead (II)
+
bromide
The positively charged lead ions Pb + (cations) are attracted to the cathode
and the negatively charged bromide ions Br - are attracted to the anode.
Higher: Higher:
At the cathode At the anode
Pb 2+ + 2e –  Pb 2Br -  Br2 + 2e – or 2Br - - 2e -  Br2
The ions discharged when an aqueous solution is electrolysed using inert electrodes
depend on the relative reactivity of the elements involved.
At the negative electrode: At the positive electrode:
Metal will be produced on the Oxygen is formed at positive electrode.
electrode if it is less reactive than Higher: At the anode
hydrogen. 4OH- → O2 + 2H2O + 4e-
Hydrogen will be produced if the or 4OH- – 4e- → O2 + 2H2O
metal is more reactive than hydrogen.
_ + If you have a halide ion (Cl-, I-, Br-) then
Chloride Cl - you will get chlorine, bromine or iodine
Hydrogen H+ formed at that electrode.
+ + -- - This happens because in the aqueous
+ Sodium chloride
++ - - solution, water molecules break down
solution
producing hydrogen ions and hydroxide
sodium chloride  hydrogen + chlorine
ions that are discharged.
Uses of the products: + sodium hydroxide
H2O(l)  H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Chlorine: Bleach and PVC Higher:
Higher:
Hydrogen: Margarine Sodium At the cathode
At the anode
hydroxide: Bleach and soap 2H+ + 2e –  H2
2Cl -  Cl2 + 2e – or 2Cl - - 2e -  Cl2
Acidified (H2SO4)
Copper chloride Sodium sulfate
water
Forms Cu and Cl2 Forms H2 and O2 Forms H2 and O2
Higher: Higher: Higher:

At the cathode At the cathode At the cathode
Cu 2+ + 2e –  Cu 2H+ + 2e –  H2 2H+ + 2e –  H2
At the anode At the anode At the anode
2Cl - - 2e -  Cl2 2O2-  O2 + 4e – 2O2-  O2 + 4e –
QuestionIT!
PART 1
compound
solution
Electrolysis – QuestionIT
1. Why can a molten or dissolved ionic compound conduct

electricity?
2. What is electrolysis?
3. What is the name of the electrode that positive ions move to?
4. What is the name of the electrode that the negative ions move to?
5. What is produced at the cathode when lead bromide is

electrolysed?
6. What is produced at the anode when lead bromide is electrolysed?

7. What is produced at the cathode if the metal in the solution is

more reactive than hydrogen?
8. What is produced at the anode if the solution does not contain

halide ions?
9. HT Only: Write half equations for the reactions that happen at the
electrodes during the electrolysis of molten copper chloride.
10. Predict the products of electrolysis of copper sulfate solution.
11. HT Only: Write a half equation for the reactions that happen at the
electrodes during the electrolysis of copper chloride solution.

AnswerIT!
PART 1
compound
solution
1. Why can a molten or dissolved ionic compound conduct

electricity?
Free moving ions.
2. What is electrolysis?
When an electric current is passed through a molten or aqueous
ionic solution and the salt breaks down into simpler substances.
3. What is the name of the electrode that positive ions move to?
Cathode.
4. What is the name of the electrode that the negative ions move to?
Anode.
5. What is produced at the cathode when lead bromide is
electrolysed?
Lead.
6. What is produced at the anode when lead bromide is electrolysed?
Bromine.
7. What is produced at the cathode if the metal in the solution is

more reactive than hydrogen?
Hydrogen.
8. What is produced at the anode if the solution does not contain
halide ions?
Oxygen.
9. HT Only: Write half equations for the reactions that happen at the
electrodes during the electrolysis of molten copper chloride.
Negative electrode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e−  Cu(s)
Positive electrode: 2Cl−(aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e−
10. Predict the products of electrolysis of copper sulfate solution.
Positive electrode: Oxygen gas; Negative electrode: Copper.
11. HT Only: Write a half equation for the reactions that happen at the
electrodes during the electrolysis of copper chloride solution.

Negative electrode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e−  Cu(s)
− −
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Electrolytic
processes
PART 2
• Purification of copper sulfate
Purifying copper by electrolysis
Electrolysis of copper sulfate solution using copper electrode.
• The anode is made from impure copper.
• The cathode is made from pure copper.
Direct current (DC) supply
_ +
Cathode – pure copper Anode – impure copper

• Increases in mass • Decreases in mass
• Pure copper forms • Copper ions form
on the surface Higher:
Higher: Cu  Cu 2+ + 2e –
+ - -
Cu 2+ + 2e –  Cu +
+ -
+ -
+ - Copper (II) sulfate solution
QuestionIT!
PART 2
All the following questions relate to the purification of copper using

electrolysis.
1. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons.
2. What is meant by the term ‘cation’?
3. What are the electrodes made of?
4. Which electrode would increase in mass? Why?


electrolysis.
5. What is the electrolyte solution used in the purification of
copper?
6. What happens at the anode?
7. What is the ionic equation for the reaction taking place at the
cathode?
AnswerIT!
PART 2

electrolysis.
1. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons.
OIL RIG; oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain of
electrons.
2. What is meant by the term ‘cation’?
Positive ion (normally a metal ion).
3. What are the electrodes made of?
Cathode = pure copper; anode = impure copper.
4. Which electrode would increase in mass? Why?
Cathode; pure copper is forming on the surface from copper
cations in solution.

electrolysis.
5. What is the electrolyte solution used in the purification of
copper?
Copper sulfate solution.
6. What happens at the anode?
Decrease in mass; copper cations leave the anode.
7. What is the ionic equation for the reaction taking place at the
cathode?
Cu2+ + 2e-  Cu

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Edexcel Topic – Chemical changes

HIGHER TIER only:

Litmus goes red in acid and blue in alkali.

Methyl orange is red in acidic conditions, yellow

Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic and

Universal indicator, made from many dyes, is

A weak acid is only partially ionised in aqueous

A weak acid (aq) has a lower pH than a Concentration of pH

Zinc + Nitric acid  Zinc Nitrate + Hydrogen

Iron + Sulfuric Acid  Iron Sulfate + Hydrogen

Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid  Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen

The following ionic equation occurs:

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

1. What type of ion are acids a source of?

2. What type of ion are alkalis a source of?

3. What pH do neutral, acids and alkaline solutions have?

4. Describe the colour changes of litmus in different pH solutions.

5. Describe the colour of methyl orange in different pH solutions.

6. Describe the colour of phenolphthalein in different pH solutions.

7. Higher: What impact does increasing the H+ concentration in an

8. Higher: What impact does increasing the OH- concentration have

9. Higher: As the pH increases by 1, what happens to the H+

10. Higher: What does the term ‘dilute’ mean?

11. Higher: What does the term ‘concentrated’ mean?

12. Higher: What does the term ‘weak acid’ mean?

13. Higher: What does the term ‘strong acid’ mean?

15. Higher: Write an ionic equation, with state symbols, to show

1. What type of ion are acids a source of?

7. Higher: What impact does increasing the H+ concentration in an

12. Higher: What does the term ‘weak acid’ mean?

Making Soluble Salts from acids and bases

Making Soluble Salts from acids and metal carbonates

Test For Hydrogen

Test For Carbon Dioxide

3. Stop adding the acid

• All common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble

Insoluble salts can be made from two soluble salts.

1. Mix together solutions of soluble salts.

2. Insoluble salt will form a precipitate in the solution.

4. Dry precipitate in an oven.

1. What is the definition of an alkali?

3. What is the general equation for a reaction between acids and

4. What is the general equation for a reaction between acids and

5. What is the general equation for a reaction between acids and

6. Describe the test for hydrogen.

7. Describe the test for carbon dioxide.

8. What is a neutralisation reaction?

9. Describe how to carry out a titration.

10. Are nitrates soluble?

11. What can be said about common sodium, potassium and

12. Which chlorides are not soluble?

13. Which sulfates are not soluble?

14. Which carbonates are soluble?

15. Describe how to prepare a pure dry sample of an insoluble salt.

1. What is the definition of an alkali?

6. Describe the test for hydrogen.

11. What can be said about common sodium, potassium and

Ions are discharged at the electrodes

Higher: Higher: Higher: