Lecture 2. Chemistry Laws

Lecture 2
Laws of Chemistry
Chemistry
Prepared by PhD Valentina Yuz’kova

Law of Conservation of Mass
It states that: In any chemical
processes, matter cannot be created
or destroyed.
Total mass of the product remains equal to
the total mass of the reactants.
This law was opened by Antoine Lavoisier in
1789.
H2 + Cl2 2 HCl
2g 71g 73g
2
3
Law of Definite Proportions (composition)
It states that a given compound always contains
same elements in the same proportion of mass.
Ice water H2O 1 : 8
River water H2O 1 : 8
Sea water H2O 1 : 8
This law was given by, a French chemist, Joseph Proust.

4
Law of Multiple Proportions
If two elements form more than a single
compound, the masses of one element combined
with a fixed mass of the second are in the ratio of
small whole numbers (John Dalton, 1803).
For example, hydrogen combines with oxygen to form two
compounds, namely, water and hydrogen peroxide.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2g 16g 18g
H2 + O2 → H2O2
2g 32g 34g
Here, the masses of oxygen (i.e. 16 g and 32 g) which combine with
a fixed mass of hydrogen (2g) are in a simple ratio, i.e. 16:32 or 1:2.
5
Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes
The ratio between the volumes of the reactant
gases and the gaseous products can be
expressed in simple whole numbers (when all
volumes are measured at the same temperature
and pressure).
This law was given by Gay Lussac in 1808.
Thus, 100 mL of hydrogen combine with 50 mL of oxygen to give 100
mL of water vapour. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
100 mL 50 mL 100 mL
6
Avogadro's Law
In 1811, Avogadro proposed that Equal
volumes of different gases at the same
temperature and pressure should contain
equal number of molecules.
Consequence: equal numbers of molecules of
different gases occupy the same volume at a
given temperature and pressure.
One mole of any gas will occupy a volume of 22.4 liters
(Vm – molar volume) at STP (Standard Temperature and
Pressure, 0°C (273 K) and one atmosphere (101.3 kPa)
pressure).
Avogadro's number (NA), number of particles in one mole
of any substance equal to 6.02 × 10 23 7
8
Ideal Gas Equation
(Mendeleev - Clapeyron equation)
PV = nRT
P = Pressure [kPa]
V = Volume [L]
T = Absolute Temperature [K]
R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 [J /mole·K]
n = Amount of substance [mol]
9
Amount of substance
m V N
n  
M Vm N A
One mole of various substances
One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles as

there are atoms in exactly 12 g (or 0.012 kg) of the 12C isotope
1mol = 6.02 × 10 23 particles (atoms, molecules,…)
The mass of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass
[g/mol].
The molar mass in grams is numerically equal to atomic/molecular/
formula mass in u. (Ionic compound do not contain molecules and its molar
mass equal to formula mass.) 10
Atomic Mass (Ar)
One atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly
equal to one twelfth of the mass of one 12C
atom.
And 1 amu = 1.6605610–24 g
Mass of an atom of H = 1.673610–24 g
Thus, in terms of amu, the mass of hydrogen atom
Today, ‘amu’ has been replaced by ‘u’ which is

known as unified mass. 11
Average Atomic mass
From the above data, the average atomic mass

of carbon will come out to be : (0.98892)·12 u
+ ( 0.01108)·13.00335 u + (2 X10–12)·14.00317 u
= 12.011 u
12
Molecular Mass (Mr)
Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the
elements present in a molecule.
Mr (AnBm) = n·Ar (A) + m·Ar (B)
Molecular mass of methane, (CH4) = (12.011 u) +

4 (1.008 u) = 16.043 u
Similarly, molecular mass of water (H2O) = 2 Ar (H)+ 1
Ar(O) = 2·1.008 u + 16.00 u = 18.02 u
13
Equivalence Law
1 equivalent of one substance will always react
with 1 equivalent of another substance.
For a chemical reaction:
aA + bB -> cC + dD
Equivalent of A = Equivalent of B = Equivalent of
C = Equivalent of D
Symbol of equivalent is nE.
m
nЕ  E – equivalent weight
E
14
Equivalent weight (E)
Equivalent weight of a compound is the mass of one equivalent,
that is the mass of a given substance which will:
•supply or react with one mole of hydrogen cations (H+ ) in an acid–
base reaction; or
•supply or react with one mole of electrons (e-) in a redox reaction.
E= M/ z,
• For element: Z is equal to valency;
• For ion: Z is equal to number of electronic charge. For Ca2+ is 2;
• For acid: Z is equal to basicity of acid. For example Z=2 for H2SO4;
• For base: Z is equal to acidity of base. For Ca(OH)2, Z = 2;
• For salt: Z is equal to number of electronic charge on cation
multiplied by number of cations in compound. for Al2(SO4)3,
Z=3·2=6;
• For oxidizing or reducing agent: Z is equal to numbers of
electrons transferred in redox reaction.
15
Percentage composition
n  Ar ( A)
W  A  100%
Mr ( An Bm )
What is the percentage of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in
ethanol?
Molecular formula of ethanol is : C2H5OH
Mr (C2H5OH) = 2Ar(C) + 6Ar(H) + Ar(O) = (2×12u+ 6×1u+
16u) =46u 24u
W (C )  100%  52%
46u
6u
W (Н )  100%  13%
46u
16u
W (О)  100%  35%
46u
16
Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations
The word ‘stoichiometry’ is derived from two Greek words -
stoicheion (meaning element) and metron (meaning measure).
Balancing a chemical equation
According to the law of conservation of mass, a balanced chemical
equation has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of
the equation.
Now let us take combustion of propane.
Step 1. Write down the correct formulas of reactants and products. Here
propane and oxygen are reactants, and carbon dioxide and water are
products.
C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O unbalanced equation
Step 2. Balance the number of C atoms: Since 3 carbon atoms are in the
reactant, therefore, three CO2 molecules are required on the right side.
C3H8 + O2 → 3CO2 + H2O
17
Step 3. Balance the number of H atoms : on the left there are 8 hydrogen
atoms in the reactants however, each molecule of water has two
hydrogen atoms, so four molecules of water will be required for eight
hydrogen atoms on the right side.
C3H8 + O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Step 4. Balance the number of O atoms: There are ten oxygen atoms on
the right side (3 · 2 = 6 in CO2 and 4 · 1= 4 in water). Therefore, five O2
molecules are needed to supply the required ten.
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Step 5. Verify that number of atoms of each element is balanced in the
final equation. The equation shows three carbon atoms, eight hydrogen
atoms, and ten oxygen atoms on each side.
All equations that have correct formulas for all reactants and products
can be balanced. Always remember that subscripts in formulas of
reactants and products cannot be changed to balance an equation.
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Lecture 2

Prepared by PhD Valentina Yuz’kova

Ice water H2O 1 : 8

River water H2O 1 : 8

Sea water H2O 1 : 8

This law was given by, a French chemist, Joseph Proust.

One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles as

Today, ‘amu’ has been replaced by ‘u’ which is

From the above data, the average atomic mass

Molecular mass of methane, (CH4) = (12.011 u) +

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