Specific heat capacity

You have 10minutes, answer the questions below, marks for each question are given. You do not have to answer the questions in order.

1. Calculate the efficiency of a heater that has 100J of input energy and 55J of useful energy. [1]
55% or 0.55 [1]
2. Write down the equation that links kinetic energy, velocity and mass. [1]
Kinetic Energy = 0.5x mass x velocity²
3. Calculate the efficiency of a MP3 player that uses 35J of input energy and 28J is wasted.[1]
20% or 0.2
4. What is meant by an energy source that is renewable? [1] An energy source that will not run out
5. Name 2 advantages of using coal to generate electricity. [2] Reliable, easily accessible.
6. Explain the environmental impact using an energy-efficient light bulb instead of an ordinary light
Any 3 from: Less energy is used [1] so less fossil fuels need to be burnt [1] producing less carbon dioxide [1]
bulb. [3] therefore reducing global warming [1]

Blast from the past

1. Name organelle that contains cellulose.[1] Cell wall.
2. Describe how pressure is caused in a container. [2] Particles hit walls of a container[1] at different speeds[1].
3. Write equation that links mass, volume and density. [1] Density= mass/volume
Extreme- Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources .
Challenge- Compare the ways that different energy resources are used and the efficiency of different power stations.
Learning- Define renewable and non-renewable resources and give examples of them.

Paper kettle demonstration

Watch the Demo.

Why might the paper burn but the paper kettle not?
Extreme- Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources .
Challenge- Compare the ways that different energy resources are used and the efficiency of different power stations.
Learning- Define renewable and non-renewable resources and give examples of them.

Definition – Write in your glossary

The Specific Heat Capacity of a substance is

the amount of energy required to change the
temperature of one kilogram of the substance
by one degree Celsius.
Extreme- Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources .
Challenge- Compare the ways that different energy resources are used and the efficiency of different power stations.
Learning- Define renewable and non-renewable resources and give examples of them.

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

At the end of a sunny day at the beach, you often notice that
while the sand has become quite hot, the water has stayed cool.
Extreme- Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources .
Challenge- Compare the ways that different energy resources are used and the efficiency of different power stations.
Learning- Define renewable and non-renewable resources and give examples of them.

SAME amount of
HEAT ENERGY

Small Large
TEMPERATURE RISE TEMPERATURE RISE

WATER SAND

WATER HAS A HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY THAN SAND

Putting the SAME AMOUNT OF HEAT into some materials
gives a BIGGER TEMPERATURE RISE than in other materials
Extreme- Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources .
Challenge- Compare the ways that different energy resources are used and the efficiency of different power stations.
Learning- Define renewable and non-renewable resources and give examples of them.

Specific Heat Capacity (SHC)

Energy = mass x SHC x temperature change

this can also be written as

E=mcθ
Where:
energy is measured in J
mass is measured in kg
specific heat capacity is J/kg ⁰C
temperature change is ⁰C

YOU WILL BE GIVEN THIS EQUATION

Calculate the amounts of energy needed to change the temperature of: Example: A 1kg mass of glass is heated from 10°C
1. 2kg of water by 5°C 42000J
to 30°C.
2. 500g of water by 4°C 8400J Temperature change = 30°C – 10°C  20°C
3. 100g of aluminium from 20°C to 30°C 900J
Energy = mass x SHC x temperature change
4. 200g of copper from 60°C to 10°C 4000J
 Energy = 1 x 840 x 20
 Energy = 16,800J
Calculate :
5. 1500g of ice from 60°C to 10°C 157500J
6. 8000J of energy are supplied to a mass of 2kg of a metal. If the
temperature rise is 10°C, calculate the SHC. 400J/kg˚C

7. 10,000 J is added to 1kg of glass. How much does the water temperature
increase by? 11.9˚C

8. 15,000 J is to be added to 2kg of water in a copper beaker of 1kg at 20.0

C. What will the new temperature be? 1.8 + 20= 21.8˚C
840
Extreme- Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources .
Challenge- Compare the ways that different energy resources are used and the efficiency of different power stations.
Learning- Define renewable and non-renewable resources and give examples of them.

6 marks question
The power of the kettle was 2.6 kW

The kettle took 120 seconds to heat 0.80 kg of water from 18 °C to 100 °C

Calculate the specific heat capacity of water using this information.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

an answer of 4800 (J/kg °C) scores 6 marks
a correct answer given to more than 2 s.f. scores 5 marks
E___________________________________________________________________
= 2600 × 120
E___________________________________________________________________
= 312 000 (J)
this answer only
___________________________________________________________________
the equation E = Pt must have been used to score subsequent marks.
312 000 = 0.80 × c × (100-18)
___________________________________________________________________
or
312 000 = 0.80 × c × (82) Specific heat capacity = ____________________ J/kg °C
(6)
allow use of their value of E calculated using E = Pt for this and subsequent steps
c = 4 756
c = 4 800 (J/kg °C) (2 s.f.)
this mark can only be scored for a correct rounding of a value of c calculated using correct equations
Extreme- Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources .
Challenge- Compare the ways that different energy resources are used and the efficiency of different power stations.
Learning- Define renewable and non-renewable resources and give examples of them.

Specific heat capacity REMEMBER The Specific Heat

Substance Capacity of a substance is the
(J/Kg/oC)
Water 4181 amount of energy required to
change the temperature of
Oxygen 918 one kilogram of the
Lead 128 substance by one degree
Rubber 1600 Celsius.
Diamond 509
Aluminium 899
Copper 390
Concrete 880

Use the information in the table to answer the questions in full sentences in your book:
1) Why might water be used to extinguish flames?
2) Why are hot water pipes made of copper?
3) Why might a storage heater be made of concrete?
 Specific heat capacity – required practical
You have 10minutes, answer the questions below, marks for each question are given. You do not have to answer the questions in order.
Any 2 from: Less energy is used [1] so less fossil fuels need to
1. Define specific heat capacity. [2] be burnt [1] producing less carbon dioxide [1] therefore
The energy needed to heat 1kg [1] of an object by 1°C[1] reducing global warming [1]
2. Explain the environmental impact using an energy-efficient light bulb instead of an ordinary light bulb. [3]
3. Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy when a 2kg object falls 3m, assume gravity is
10N/m. [2] 60[1] J [1]

4. What is specific heat capacity measured in? [1] J/kg°C

5. Name wasted energy in a hairdryer. [1] Sound
6. Calculate the kinetic energy of a 4kg object moving at 0.33m/s, give your answer to 2 significant figures.[3
0.22 [2] J[1] (award 2 marks for 0.21 or 0.2178)

Blast from the past

1. Define what translocation is.[1] Movement of sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant.
Particles hit walls of a container[1] at different speeds[1].
2. Describe how pressure is caused in a container. [2]
Calculate the amounts of energy needed to change the temperature of: Example: A 1kg mass of glass is heated from 10°C
1. 2kg of water by 5°C 42000J
to 30°C.
2. 500g of water by 4°C 8400J Temperature change = 30°C – 10°C  20°C
3. 100g of aluminium from 20°C to 30°C 900J
Energy = mass x SHC x temperature change
4. 200g of copper from 60°C to 10°C 4000J
 Energy = 1 x 840 x 20
 Energy = 16,800J
Calculate :
5. 1500g of ice from 60°C to 10°C 157500J
6. 8000J of energy are supplied to a mass of 2kg of a metal. If the
temperature rise is 10°C, calculate the SHC. 400J/kg˚C

7. 10,000 J is added to 1kg of glass. How much does the water temperature
increase by? 11.9˚C

8. 15,000 J is to be added to 2kg of water in a copper beaker of 1kg at 20.0

C. What will the new temperature be? 1.8 + 20= 21.8˚C
840
Specific heat capacity- required practical
Extreme- Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources .
Challenge- Compare the ways that different energy resources are used and the efficiency of different power stations.
Learning- Define renewable and non-renewable resources and give examples of them.

Specific Heat Capacity - Practical

Cable to
power
pack

water

Mass

Heat Proof
Mat
 Q2. A new design for a kettle is made from two layers of plastic separated by a vacuum.
After the water in the kettle has boiled, the water stays hot for at least 2 hours.
Q1. The electric kettle shown below is used to boil water.
The new kettle is shown below.

©leeser87/iStock
(a) The energy transferred from the water in the kettle to the surroundings in 2 hours is
(a) After the water has boiled, the temperature of the water decreases by 22 °C. 46 200 J.
The mass of water in the kettle is 0.50 kg.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg °C. The mass of water in the kettle is 0.50 kg.

Calculate the energy transferred to the surroundings from the water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg °C.

___________________________________________________________________ The initial temperature of the water is 100 °C.

___________________________________________________________________ Calculate the temperature of the water in the kettle after 2 hours.

___________________________________________________________________ 78 (°C)
___________________________________________________________________

46 200
Energy = ____________ joules allow 2 marks for correct temperature change ie 22 °C
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
___________________________________________________________________
(b) Why is the total energy input to the kettle higher than the energy used to heat the
water? ie 46 200 = 0.5 × 4200 x θ
___________________________________________________________________

Tick (✔ ) one box. Temperature after 2 hours = ___________ °C

(3)

Tick (✔ ) (b) Calculate the average power output from the water in the kettle to the surroundings
in 2 hours.
Energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

Energy is used to heat the kettle. X 6.4 (W)

___________________________________________________________________

The kettle is more than 100% efficient. allow 2 marks for an answer that rounds to 6.4
___________________________________________________________________

(1)
(Total 3 marks) allow 1 mark for correct substitution
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
ie 46 200 = P × 7200
Average power output = ______________ W
an answer of 23 000 or 23 100 or 385 gains 1 mark (2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q3. (a) A householder wants to reduce her energy bills. She collected information about a Examples of relevant statements
number of ways of reducing energy used. The information is shown in the table. • energy efficient boiler saves the most (energy / money)
per year
Ways of reducing Cost to buy and Money saved
energy used install in £ per year in £ • loft insulation costs the least to install
• double-glazing costs the most to install
Install an
energy-efficient boiler
2 000 320 examples of statements that include cost effectiveness
• loft insulation is the most cost effective in the long term
Insulate the loft 400 200
• double-glazing is the least cost effective
Install double-glazed
12 000 120 • loft insulation has the shortest payback time
windows
• double-glazing has the longest payback time
Install cavity wall
415 145 • payback time calculated for any method
insulation

Use the information in the table to compare the different ways of reducing the payback times:
energy used. Your answer should include some calculations. energy efficient boiler: 6.25 years
0 marks
___________________________________________________________________ loft insulation: 2 years
No relevant information
___________________________________________________________________
double glazing: 100 years
Level 1 (1-2 marks) cavity wall insulation: 2.86 years
___________________________________________________________________
There is a relevant statement about an energy saving method
Level___________________________________________________________________
2 (3-4 marks) examples of further detail
There is at least one clear comparison of energy saving methods and
___________________________________________________________________ • for cost effectiveness install in the following order: loft,
their___________________________________________________________________
cost effectiveness with an appropriate calculation cavity wall, boiler, double-glazing
Level 3 (5-6 marks) • for reducing energy use install in the following order:
___________________________________________________________________
There is a comparison of energy saving methods and their cost boiler, loft, cavity wall, double glazing
effectiveness with appropriate calculations. Comparison to include
___________________________________________________________________ • don’t install double-glazing for insulation purposes
further detail.
___________________________________________________________________
• double-glazing won’t pay for itself in your lifetime
• justified choice of best / worst method
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(b) Increasing the amount of insulation in a house affects the total U-value of the
house.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘U-value’?

how______________________________________________________________
effective a material is as an insulator
accept ‘heat’ for energy
______________________________________________________________
accept how effective a material is at keeping energy in
______________________________________________________________
accept the lower the U-value the better the insulator
(1)
accept the lower the U-value the lower the rate of energy transfer
(ii) How is the U-value affected by increasing the amount of insulation?

(the U-value) decreases

______________________________________________________________
(1)