Binomial Distribution

BINOMIAL AND
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
Ms Titik
Table of contents
01 02
Binomial and Geometry
Discrete Random Variable Distribution
03 04
Continuous Random Normal Distribution
Variable
01
Discrete Random Variable
Learning Objectives:
• construct a probability distribution table for a discrete
random variable X
• calculate the expectation, E(X), and variance, Var(X), of
a discrete random variable
Random Variable
A variable whose value is determined in the sample space of an experiment is

called a random variable.
Random variables are expressed in uppercase letters, for example X, Y, and Z,
while values for random variables are expressed in lowercase letters, for
example x, y, and z.
Types of random variables:

1. Discrete Random Variable
2. Continuous Random Variable
1. Probability distributions of discrete random
variables
A discrete random variable is a random variable that can only take particular values. It is usually
represented by an uppercase letter such as X. The particular values that X can take are represented
by the lowercase letter x. A probability distribution shows all the possible values a discrete random
variable can take, plus the probability of each value occurring.
A probability distribution can be defined in three forms: For a discrete random variable :
1. A table
2. A graph can be written as
3. A simple function
The probabilities of all the possible values that a discrete random variable can take add up to 1.
Flipping a fair coin twice and counting the number of heads would mean event X ('the number of
heads') and the values it can take, , could be 0, 1 or 2. You can check that this works using the
formula:
Example 1
Construct the probability distribution table for X, where X is the score on a fair, six-sided die:
a. in the form of a table
b. in the form of a graph.
If every outcome is
equally likely to
happen, it is called as
a discrete uniform
distribution.
Example 2
There are two fair spinners. One spinner is split into four equal sections with the numbers 0-3. The
other spinner has three equal sections with the numbers 1-3. The random variable X is sum of the
scores on the two spinners. Find the probability distribution of X
Example 3
Example 4
2. Expectation of
The expectation of a random variable X is the long-run average value. In other words, it
demonstrates the expected outcome when a trial is repeated a large number of times. The
expectation of X is normally written as E(X) or mean.
Mean = 𝐸 ( 𝑋 )=
∑ 𝑥𝑝
∑𝑝 𝐸 ( 𝑋 )=∑ 𝑥𝑃(𝑥)
Example 1
Example 2
3. Variance of
The variance of a random variable X is a measure of spread of the random variable from the
expected value. The variance is normally written as Var(X) and can also be denoted by σ².
The variance of a random variable can be found using the formula:
𝑉𝑎𝑟 ( 𝑋 )=∑ 𝑥 𝑝− ( 𝐸 ( 𝑋 ) )
2 2
This can be thought of as ‘the mean of the squares minus
the square of the mean’. The standard deviation can be
calculated by
Example 1
4. Geometric and binomial
distribution
The geometric distribution is used when we are considering the number of trials until
an event of interest happens, while the binomial distribution is used when we have a
fixed number of trials.
The Geometric
Distribution
The geometric distribution is about 'success' and 'failure', as there are only two
possible outcomes to each trial.
If you were to roll a die repeatedly until you rolled a 6 and you wanted to know the
probability that it would take four rolls, then the failure would be rolling any number
apart from 6 and the success would be rolling a 6. This would mean that we would
have three failures followed by a success, which would have the probability .
The Geometric
Distribution
It is important that you can identify situations, which can be modelled using the
geometric distribution.
You can use the geometric distribution:
 if you continue the trials until the first success
 if there are just two possible outcomes to each trial, success and failure, with
fixed probabilities of and , respectively, where
 if all trials are independent of each other
 if the probability of success, p, is the same in each trial
If then
= probability of first success on the th trial

= number of trials up to and including the first success
= number of failures
= probability of success in one trial
= probability of failure in one trial
Example 1
Example 2
The Binomial
Distribution
It is important that you can identify situations that can be modelled using the
binomial distribution. You can use the binomial distribution:
 if there are a fixed number of n independent trials
 if there are just two possible outcomes to each trial, success and failure, with
fixed probabilities of and , respectively, where
 if all trials are independent of each other
 if the probability of success, p, is the same in each trial.
The discrete random variable is the number of successes in the trials. is modelled
by the binomial distribution . .
successes in trials successes in trials
= number of trials
= number of successes
= number of failures
= probability of success in one trial
Example 1
Example 2 Example 3
The Binomial
Distribution
In some situations, it is useful to be able to calculate probabilities across a range of
different outcomes. For example, if and you wanted to calculate , one method
would be to say that:
𝑃 ( 𝑋 ≤𝑟 ) =𝑃 ( 𝑋=0 ) +𝑃 ( 𝑋=1 ) +𝑃 ( 𝑋=2 )+ 𝑃 ( 𝑋=3 ) +…+𝑃(𝑋=𝑟)

Depending on the values of and , it may sometimes be simpler to find the
complement:
𝑃 ( 𝑋 ≤𝑟 ) =1− 𝑃(𝑋>𝑟)
𝑃 ( 𝑋 ≤𝑟 ) =1− ( 𝑃 ( 𝑋 =𝑟+1 ) +𝑃 ( 𝑋=𝑟 +2 ) +𝑃 ( 𝑋=𝑟+3 ) +…+ 𝑃 ( 𝑋=𝑛) )
Example 1 Example 2
The Binomial
Distribution
In some situations, it is useful to be able to calculate probabilities across a specific
range of outcomes. For example, if and you wanted to calculate , you would say
that:
𝑃 ( 𝑟 < 𝑋 ≤ 𝑠 ) =𝑃 ( 𝑋 =𝑟 +1 ) +𝑃 ( 𝑋=𝑟 +2 ) +…+ 𝑃 ( 𝑋=𝑠 )

Example 1
5. Expectation and Variance of Geometric and Binomial
Distributions
Expectation of a Geometric
Distribution
1
𝐸 ( 𝑋 )=
𝑝
If the probability of rolling a 4 on a fair die is , then it is expected that you would
have to, on average, roll the die six times before you get a 4. This can be modelled
by a geometric distribution, and
Example 1
Expectation and variance of a Binomial
Distribution
𝐸 ( 𝑋 )=𝜇=𝑛𝑝
A supermarket sells eggs in boxes of 12. The probability of an egg being cracked is . We would expect that there would be two broken eggs per
box since one out of every six eggs is broken and there are 2 eggs. Hence .
In this case, is the number of broken eggs in a box and can be modelled by .
If we consider the random variable and the random variable , which represent the th trial , then
the distribution of each will be:
Example 1
Example 2

Binomial Distribution

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BINOMIAL AND

A variable whose value is determined in the sample space of an experiment is

Types of random variables:

= probability of first success on the th trial

successes in trials successes in trials

𝑃 ( 𝑋 ≤𝑟 ) =𝑃 ( 𝑋=0 ) +𝑃 ( 𝑋=1 ) +𝑃 ( 𝑋=2 )+ 𝑃 ( 𝑋=3 ) +…+𝑃(𝑋=𝑟)

𝑃 ( 𝑟 < 𝑋 ≤ 𝑠 ) =𝑃 ( 𝑋 =𝑟 +1 ) +𝑃 ( 𝑋=𝑟 +2 ) +…+ 𝑃 ( 𝑋=𝑠 )

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