Lecture 1 Chapter 2

Teaching contents
Chapter # 2:
The electric fields, Currents, and Magnetic fields
Text book: Springer Series in solid-state sciences
Magnetism: From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics By . Stohr and H.C. Siegmann
Contents:
 Signs and Units in Magnetism, The Electric Field
 The Electric Current and its Magnetic Field, Current Density
 Fundamental symmetry properties of the magnetic field
 Magnetic Field Inside the Tube (r < R)

Signs and Units in Magnetism
The historical choices that the electron has a negative charge

q = −e
where e = 1.602×10−19 C is a + ve number
Definition of current:
i): Current I reflects the motion of positive charges is somewhat of a displeasure because
the electrons move against the direction of the electric current.
ii- The negative charge of the electron is the most important quantity of magnetism (the magnetic
moment of the electron) is directed antiparallel to its intrinsic angular momentum, the spin
Two Fundamentals of magnetism,
1- Static electric field and
2- Magnetic fields.
The Electric Field
An electric charge gives rise to an electric field.
The electric field originates on a positive charge.
There are two simple cases of Electric Fields,
I - Currents, and
II - Magnetic Fields
Between two charged points
The electric fields originate on +ve and terminate on –ve charges.
Between two charged Plates
In the case of the field between two charged condenser plates we have also
indicated the force on a +ve and –ve charge, defining the direction of
motion
The Electric Field
Electric fields are shown in above Fig.

Unit of charge: Coulomb (c )
q = −e = −1.602×10−19 C.
For a point charge q the electric field is given by
E = k q/r2
Where ϵ0 = 8.86×10−12 A s V−1m−1
= Dielectric constant of the vacuum and
1 C = 1 A s,
Unit of E = [V m−1].
The Electric Field
Electric Field: A space or region around any charge in which another charge can
experience a force of attraction or repulsion is called electric field. Electric field is
represented by electric line of force.
Line of Force: A line of force is a path followed by a test positive charge in an electric
field
A charge in an electric field is subject to a force that leads to a motion of the charge. i.e.
F =qE,
.
The Electric Current and its Magnetic Field
Moving charge -------leads to -------------current

Steady electric currents may flow by injecting charge carriers into vacuum or by applying a
voltage to a conductor such as a metal.
The strength of the electric current I
It is defined as
the charge q that flows per unit time interval ∆t through a cross section,
I = q/∆t, Ampere (A).
1 A = motion of 1 C,
• Current direction: The direction of motion of a positive charge.
Current Density
The current density j: Current per unit area : j = I/A,
Quantity
Vector Quantity: pointing in the direction the current
The magnitude of current density = j = I/A, -----------------------(1) [ units: A m−2].
where I is the electric current flowing through the surface A.
Note:
i- In vacuum/ and in superconductors: Electric currents may persist without the
presence of an electric field while
ii-In matter: An electric field E must be applied to sustain the current. F = qE =
Force generated by the E.F. compensates for the frictional force acting
on the charge carriers moving in matter.
It follows that
Jαρ (volume density of the electric charges)
Jα v (velocity with which the electric charge moves)
j =ρ v
ρ = q/V
j = qv/ V
Also from equation-1
I=JA
I=qvA/ V ( again unit= (colx m/sxm2)/m3 = col/sec
Magnetic Field and Current
In 1820 Hans Christian Oersted

Oersted discovered with the help of a ship’s com- pass that an electric current generates a
magnetic field.
Biot–Savart law
If we assume that a straight current I flows in the z direction, the magnetic field vector H is
found to lie in the x–y plane. The strength of H is given by the Biot–Savart law
where r is the distance from the center of the current.

This defines the units of the magnetic field.
Magnetic Field and Current It turns out that
The magnetic field H is measured in
i-): Ampere/ meter [ A m−1].
ii-): Oersted / Guass [Oe]
A m−1 = (4π / 1000) Oe = 0.01256 Oe or
1Oe = 79.62 A m−1

Magnetic Field and Current
i-Current along Straight line
Magnetic field lines are closed generating a curl of the

magnetic field around the current as shown in Figure
ii-Current along Closed path

If the electric current flows in a closed loop, then it
generates a magnetic field H in the center of the loop that
is perpendicular to the plane in which the current flows
Magnetic Field and Current It turns out that
Direction of Magnetic field
Right Hand Rule
The direction of H can be determined with the right hand rule and in the center of
the loop has the magnitude
Fundamental symmetry properties of the magnetic field.
Following are the the two fundamental symmetry properties of the magnetic field.
First: H is a so-called axial vector.
Second: H changes sign when the current reverses, that is, it depends on the sign of the
parameter time.
Generally, the current density j and the magnetic field H are related by Ampere's law
j = ∇× H -------------------------(1)
where ∇ = gradient or Nabla-operator ∇ = {}.
To calculate magnetic fields from (EQ-1), one makes use of Stokes’ theorem .
Stokes’ theorem
Stokes’ theorem links the integral of any vector field H around a closed loop L that bounds an
arbitrary surface S to the component (∇× H)n normal to the surface according to
Question: Calculate the magnetic field of a current flowing in the z direction in a cylindrical
tube with radius R, centered at x = y = 0, as shown in Figure below.
Magnetic Field Outside the Tube
Magnetic Field Inside the Tube
Magnetic Field at the Surface of the Tube
1- Magnetic Field Outside the Tube (r ≥ R )

To obtain the field outside the tube we choose the closed
integration path to be a circle of radius r ≥ R in the x−y plane
Let
R= radius of the tube
r= Radius of the loop
Then S = πr2 and L = 2πr
we obtain from stocks theorem
H (2πr) = jπR2 -----------------------(2) [ using B(2πr) = µ0 I
We know that
I = jπR2 ---------------------(3)
[ j= I/A = I/πR2 ]
Comparing 2 and 3
H = I/(2πr).
Required relation for magnetic field outside the current carrying wire
Magnetic Field Inside the Tube (r < R)
To calculate the magnetic field inside the tube (r < R) we assume

i- a uniform current density j = I/πR2
ii- constant inside the tube and
iii- choose an integration path with r < R. [ from 0 to r]
We get H(2πr) = jπr2
Then substituting the value of constant current density i. e
j = I/πr2 , we found
H(2πr) = jπr2 =Ienc
(Ienc= current enclosed by closed loop)

To calculate the magnetic field inside the tube (r < R) we assume
i- a uniform current density j = I/πR2
ii- constant inside the tube and
iii- choose an integration path with r < R. [ from 0 to r]
We get H(2πr) = jπr2
Then substituting the value of constant current density i. e
j = I/πr2 , we found
H(2πr) = jπr2 =Ienc
(Ienc= current enclosed by closed loop)
Ienc= (πr/πR)i
Magnetic Field Inside the Tube (r < R)
H(2πr) = jπr2 =
Ienc= (πr2/πR2)i
• H(2πr) = (πr2/πR2)i
• H(2πr) = (r2/R2)i
• H(2πr) = (r2/( R2)i
• H = (r/(2π R2)i
• Hi =
• For Maximum field H= (H)max when r=R
• (H)max = (I/2πR) Ans

The magnetic induction B
The magnetic induction B is another quantity used to describe magnetic fields. It relates to the
production of magnetic fields by electromagnetic induction according to Faraday’s induction law
∇× E = −B˙
Where B˙ = ∂B/∂t
∇× E = − ∂B/∂t
In vacuum and in gases at normal conditions, the magnetic field H and the magnetic
induction B are related by B = µ0H.
SI units of B; [Vsm−2],
where 1Vsm−2 = 1T.
μ0 = magnetic permeability of vacuum = 4π×10−7 VsA−1 m−1
In vacuum, B = 1T corresponds to H = 104 Oe.
The laws expressed by
j = ∇× H and Hi = have a host of important applications.
One contemporary of them is
“the large magnetic field surrounding a “bunch” of charged
particles that are accelerated to nearly the speed of light in
electron accelerators, illustrated inFigure-2.4
We will come back to the origin and applications of such fields
in more detail in later
Figure-2,4
Such electron bunches may carry about 1 nC of charge or about 1010 electrons
and have very high current densities because of their short duration.
For the experimental geometry shown in above figure with the electron beam
traveling in the z direction the actual current density across the electron beam
can be measured with fine carbon wires spanned in the x and y directions.
The current density in the beam has a Gaussian shape centered at x = y = 0.
The lower part of Fig. 2.4 shows the calculated magnetic induction B = µ0H in units of Tesla for
such a Gaussian distribution of the current density as a function of the distance x or y from the
beam center. In the frame of an observer or a stationary sample the magnetic field direction
resembles that of a current carrying wire and is shown in the upper part of the figure.
As for the calculation with a uniform current density according to (2.7), the magnetic field is zero
in the center of the current and decays with 1/y at large distances.
Fig. 2.4. Geometry and calculated magnetic field for a Gaussian shaped
“bunch” of 1.2 × 1010 electrons and a lateral size of 6 µm moving nearly at
the speed of light.
In the laboratory frame of reference, the pulse width is assumed to be 2 ×
10−12s, so that the corresponding peak current is 960 A.
Note that the maximum field strength is reached near the edge of the beam
(see (4.27)
The maximum field strength is reached at the “edge” of the beam, corresponding to the
steepest drop of the Gaussian current density distribution.
The distance-dependent expression for the field strength is given by (4.27).
The conventional way of generating magnetic fields is, of course, with current carrying
wires wound into a coil.
Equation (2.5) yields for the magnetic field of a long and thin coil
where I is the electric current,
n the number of windings, and
L the length of the coil.
In practice, it is difficult to reach large field strengths with a coil because of the heat generated
by the current in the wire.
Without cooling, coils typically produce only fields of 10 mT.
Higher fields of up to 20 T are now routinely produced with coils made of superconducting wire.
Table 2.1 lists the size of some magnetic fields found in the Universe.
The spectacular image shown in Fig. 2.5 of the sun arises from the X-ray emission of hot plasmas
by electrons and ions that also create magnetic fields.

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Teaching contents

Text book: Springer Series in solid-state sciences

Magnetism: From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics By . Stohr and H.C. Siegmann

 Signs and Units in Magnetism, The Electric Field

 The Electric Current and its Magnetic Field, Current Density

 Fundamental symmetry properties of the magnetic ﬁeld

 Magnetic Field Inside the Tube (r < R)

The historical choices that the electron has a negative charge

Electric ﬁelds are shown in above Fig.

Moving charge -------leads to -------------current

In 1820 Hans Christian Oersted

where r is the distance from the center of the current.

The magnetic ﬁeld H is measured in

i-): Ampere/ meter [ A m−1].

ii-): Oersted / Guass [Oe]

A m−1 = (4π / 1000) Oe = 0.01256 Oe or

1Oe = 79.62 A m−1

i-Current along Straight line

Magnetic ﬁeld lines are closed generating a curl of the

ii-Current along Closed path

Direction of Magnetic field

Right Hand Rule

First: H is a so-called axial vector.

1- Magnetic Field Outside the Tube (r ≥ R )

H (2πr) = jπR2 -----------------------(2) [ using B(2πr) = µ0 I

To calculate the magnetic ﬁeld inside the tube (r < R) we assume

(Ienc= current enclosed by closed loop)

(Ienc= current enclosed by closed loop)

• For Maximum field H= (H)max when r=R

• (H)max = (I/2πR) Ans

“bunch” of 1.2 × 1010 electrons and a lateral size of 6 µm moving nearly at

the speed of light.

In the laboratory frame of reference, the pulse width is assumed to be 2 ×

10−12s, so that the corresponding peak current is 960 A.

steepest drop of the Gaussian current density distribution.

The distance-dependent expression for the ﬁeld strength is given by (4.27).

wires wound into a coil.

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