GROUP 5

MEMBERS REG. NUMBER:

NAKASIGA IMMACULATE M 23/1/370/D/217
ATIM CAROLINE 23/1/370/D/238
KISEMBO JOJO 23/1/370/D/612
KATO JUSPER 23/1/370/D/652
LECTURER: MS. NANTEGE HELLEN
 INTERNET OF THINGS

• We are entering an era of the “Internet of Things” (abbreviated as

IoT). There are two definitions: First one is defined by Vermes an and
second by Pe˜na-L´opez
1. The Internet of Things as simply an interaction between the
physical and digital
worlds. The digital world interacts with the physical world using a
plethora of sensors and actuators.
2. Another is the Internet of Things is defined as a paradigm in which
computing and
networking capabilities are embedded in any kind of conceivable
object.
 IMPORTANCE OF INTERNET OF
THINGS
• Improved efficiency and automation of tasks.
• Increased convenience and accessibility of information.
• Better monitoring and control of devices and systems.
• Greater ability to gather and analyse data.
• Improved decision-making.
• Cost savings.
 IOT CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO CATEGORIES:

• 1. CONSUMER IOT(CIOT): The Consumer IoT refers to the billions of

physical personal devices, such as smartphones, wearables, fashion
items and the growing number of smart home appliances, that are
now connected to the internet, collecting and sharing data.
• 2. INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIOT): It refers to
interconnected sensors, instruments, and other devices networked
together with computers' industrial applications, including
manufacturing and energy management.
 ELEMENTS OF IOT ECOSYSTEM.

• Device or sensor: these are the physical objects that collect data from
the environment and transmit them to the next layer.
• Connectivity: Things in I.O.T. should be connected to the
infrastructure, without connection nothing makes sense.
• Data processing unit: once the data is collected, it needs to be
processed and analysed to extract meaningful insights.
• Interface: these are the visible and tangible parts of the IoT system
which can be accessed by the users.
MAIN COMPONENTS USED IN IOT

• Low-power embedded systems: Less battery consumption, high

performance are the inverse factors that play a significant role during
the design of electronic systems.
• Sensors: Sensors are the major part of any IoT application.
 OTHER COMPONENTS
• Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related
services within the constraints of things, such as privacy protection and
semantic consistency between physical things and their associated virtual
things
• Connectivity: Things in I.O.T. should be connected to the infrastructure,
without connection nothing makes sense.
• Intelligence: Extraction of knowledge from the generated data is
important, sensor generate data and this data and this data should be
interpreted properly.
• Scalability: The no. of things getting connected to the I.O.T. infrastructure
is increased day by day. Hence, an IOT setup shall be able to handle the
massive expansion.
OTHER COMPONENTS continued
• Dynamic and Self-Adapting: The IOT device must dynamically adopt
itself to the changing context. Assume a camera meant for
surveillance, it may have to work in different conditions and at
different light situations (morning, afternoon, night).
• Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on
different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with
other devices different networks.
• Unique Identity: Each IOT device has an I.P. address. This identity is
helpful in tracking the equipment and at times to query its status.
 TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS

1. Advances in Sensor Technology: Improved accuracy, smaller size, and lower cost of sensors.
2. Wireless Communication: Increased availability and affordability of wireless communication
protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular).
3. Microcontroller and Processor Advancements: Increased processing power, memory, and
energy efficiency.
4.Health. This will help users to analyse themselves and follow tailor-made techniques to combat
illness. The doctor also doesn't have to visit the patients in order to treat them.
4. Cloud Computing: Scalable infrastructure for data processing, storage, and analysis.
5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): Enable data analysis, pattern recognition,
and predictive insights.
6. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6): Enables a vast number of unique IP addresses for connected
devices.
 BUSINESS DRIVERS

• 1. Operational Efficiency: Automate processes, reduce costs, and improve productivity.

• 2. New Business Models: Offer subscription-based services, data analytics, and innovative
solutions.
• 3. Customer Experience: Enhance customer engagement, satisfaction, and loyalty through
personalized services.
• 4. Competitive Advantage: Differentiate products and services through IoT-enabled features
and capabilities.
• 5. Data-Driven Decision Making: Leverage IoT data for insights, predictions, and strategic
decision making.
• 6. Safety and Security: Improve safety and security through monitoring, detection, and
response to threats.
• 7. Regulatory Compliance: Meet regulatory requirements and industry standards through IoT-
enabled monitoring and reporting.
• 8. Innovation and R&D: Explore new opportunities, products, and services through IoT-
enabled innovation.
 APPLICATION AREAS OF IOT
• Smart Home:
• Smart cities: The smart city is another powerful application of IoT.
• Wearables: Wearables are devices that have sensors and software installed which can collect
• Smart retail: Retailers can enhance the in-store experience of the customers using IoT.
• Smart healthcare: People can wear the IoT devices which will collect data about user's
• Smart Grids and energy saving
• Earthquake detection
• Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
• Smartphone detection
• Water flow monitoring
• Traffic monitoring
• Wearables
• Smart door lock protection system
• Robots and Drones
• Security
• Agriculture
• Industry
 Trends:

• Sustainability: Using IoT to reduce energy consumption, waste, and

environmental impact.
• Edge Computing: Processing data closer to the source, reducing
latency and improving real-time decision-making.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Integrating AI algorithms to enhance data
analysis, pattern recognition, and predictive insights.
• 5G Connectivity: Faster data transfer rates, lower latency, and
increased device connectivity.
• Security: Enhanced encryption, secure boot mechanisms, and
intrusion detection to protect against cyber threats.
 Implications:
• Environmental Impact: E-waste generation, energy consumption, and
resource depletion.
• Data Privacy: Concerns about data collection, storage, and usage.
• Job Displacement: Automation replacing human jobs in various
industries.
• Dependence on Technology: Increased reliance on connected devices
and potential vulnerabilities.
• New Business Models: Shifts in revenue streams, product-as-a-
service, and subscription-based services.
• Skills Gap: Need for specialized skills in IoT development, deployment,
and management.
 SENSING COMPONENTS AND
DEVICES
SENSOR is a device used for the conversion of physical events or
characteristics into the electrical signals. This is a hardware device
that takes the input from environment and gives
to the system by converting it.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSORS
1. Range: It is the minimum and maximum value of physical variable that the sensor
can sense or measure.

2. Span: It is the difference between the maximum and minimum values of input.

3. Accuracy: The error in measurement is specified in terms of accuracy. It is defined as

the difference between measured value and true value.

4. Precision: It is defined as the closeness among a set of values. It is different from

accuracy.

5.Linearity: Linearity is the maximum deviation between the measured values of a

sensor from ideal curve.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSORS
continued
6.Hysteresis: It is the difference in output when input is varied in two ways- increasing and
decreasing.

7. Resolution: It is the minimum change in input that can be sensed by the sensor.

8. Reproducibility: It is defined as the ability of sensor to produce the same output when
same input is applied.

9. Repeatability: It is defined as the ability of sensor to produce the same output every time
when the same input is applied and all the physical and measurement conditions kept the
same including the operator, instrument, ambient conditions etc.

10. Response Time: It is generally expressed as the time at which the output reaches a certain
percentage (for instance, 95%) of its final value, in response to a step change of the input.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS:

• Active Sensors: Does not need any external energy source but directly
generates an electric signal in response to the external.
Example: Thermocouple, Photodiode, Piezoelectric sensor, signal in
response to the external.
• Passive Sensors: The sensors require external power called excitation
signal. Sensors modify the excitation signal to provide output.
Example: Strain gauge.
Sensors based on output sensor is classified into two types: Analog
Sensors, Digital Sensors
 SENSING DEVICES

 Temperature Sensors
 Image Sensors
 Gyro Sensors
 Obstacle Sensors
 RF Sensor
 IR Sensor
 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
 SENSor modules

• SENSOR MODULES are integrated units of one or more sensors,

processing capabilities and communication to detect and measure
physical and environmental parameters.

• A current sensor detects and measures the electric current passing

through a conductor. It turns the current into a quantifiable output,
such as a voltage, current, or digital signal, which may be utilized in a
variety of applications for monitoring, control, or protection.
 Sensor nodes and systems
• SENSOR NODE is a device that that contains one or more sensor
modules, processing and communication capabilities to transmit
sensor data
• SENSOR SYSTEMS are a network of sensor nodes, communication
infrastructures and data processing and analysis software

A sensor converts the physical action to be measured into an

electrical equivalent and processes it so that the electrical signals can
be easily sent and further processed.