BIRLA VISHVAKARMA

MAHAVIDYALAYA
3EE11: Power System II

• Presented By:
Rajdeep Ghosiya(21EE062)
Bhargav Matholiya(22EE309)
Harshvardhansinh Kesrola(22EE317)
Roshan Gamit(22EE318)
Vedant Solanki(22EE310)
• Guided By :- Prof. A.M. Patel
Topics To Be Covered:-

• Contingency analysis
• Preventive control
• Emergency control
 Contingency analysis

1. Introduction
A power system is a collection of a complex network
made up of many devices such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines, projecting devices,
and distributed loads. Failure of any component of
the power system during operation damages and
reduces the reliability of the system. Such fault or
disturbance occurs in a steady-state operating power
system that can cause adverse effects. known as
contingencies.
 Power system working in normal
condition may encounter Contingency
such as sudden loss of line, sudden
change in generation, sudden change in
load value, abrupt surge or decrease in
power demand. Such conditions may
cause transmission line overloading or
bus voltage violation.
 Contingency analysis allows us to predict
which contingencies affect the system
used to calculate violations by using
iterative load flow solutions for each
component failure. It provides tools to
build, manage, analyze, and reporting
list of contingencies and associated
2.CONTINGENCY SELECTION

 To select contingencies, prepare a list of which are

the most likely contingencies in the system and
which generator disturbance is most often
considered high priority through the use of
historical or backup data.
 Selection is set for the most likely contingencies,
preferably consists of selecting a set of most likely
contingencies in the preferred.
 Contingencies can be divided into two broad
categories:
 A power outage
 Disconnecting the network
1.A power outage includes:
The loss of a power unit.
A sudden change in load that could cause the
problem of stability or fluctuation.
A sudden change in power flow in the
internetwork, which implies a sudden increase in
generation in one area and loss of generation in
another.

2. Network outage included:

 Transmission line disconnection.
 Failure of the transformer.
3.МЕТНODS OF CONTINGENCY
ANALYSIS
 Following are the method use to analyse the
contingency:
 AC load flow methods.
 DC load flow method.
 Z-bus contingency analysis.
 Performance Index method
1.AC Load Flow Method:
The AC load flow method is useful where VAR
flow is predominant, for example in
underground cables. At this point, we cannot
use any other method for contingency analysis
such as sensitivity factor as it only gives
information about MW but fails to give
AC load flow is preferred as a contingency
analysis method because it provides information
about the MVAR flow and bus voltage in the
system. The method using AC power flow will
accurately determine overload and voltage limit
violations.
The only drawback with this method is that the
program. takes longer to execute and if there are
multiple outages then the total time to test for all
the outages may be too long. Power flow studies
are conducted for the purpose of planning
operation and control.
The following are the mathematical
techniques used for load flow studies:
• Gauss Seidel Method
• Newton Raphson Method
• Decoupled Method.
• Stott's Fast Decoupled Method
2.DC Load Flow Method:
This equation is N-1 in number, where N is the
number of buses. In this method, line resistances
are not taken into account, only the real power
flow is simulated without taking into account the
reactive power flow. This leads to the creation of
a linear network model to facilitate handling
multiple accidental outages using the principle of
superposition.
Each transmission line is indicated by its
susceptance Bij.
Z=r+jx1
Y=G+JB  2

Where,
Z= Impedance
Y=Inverse of impedance
G= r/(r²+x²) =0  3
B= -x/(r²+x²)=-1/x  4
This method takes into account only the real
part of the equations of power flow, i.e. the
effect of reactive power Q is neglected and all
the bus voltages are assumed to be 1 p.u. the
Matrix B' is calculated assuming that all
resistances are zero from the equation;
B' ik = - B ‘ ij = 1 / xij

Where,
Xij= the reactance of the line connecting the i and j
buses The angles and real powers are solved by
iterating Equation

δ = [B'] ^ - 1 Δ P
 3.Z-Bus Contingency Analysis:
Methods include inverting the Y bus matrix or
admittance matrix and injecting a fictitious
current into one of the buses connected to the
element to be removed, such that the current
flowing through the element is equal to the flow
in
 the base case, all other bus currents are set
Z MATRIX METHOD
to zero.
 Methods include inverting Y bus matrix and
injecting a fictitious current into the bus

 Converting the MVA loads to impedance

loads using
Z load i = |Vi|2 / Si*
 Injecting a unit current, into the bus p which
has to be removed
[ V ] [ Zip ]
I . I I . I
I . I = I . I
[ Vn ] [Znp]

 Ipq can be calculated using the equation

Ipq = V p -V q / Z linepq

 An adjustment parameter, d, has to be used

d = ΔIpqS / I pq
 Due to the injection lp= d the new current in
other elements
I pq = d(Z ip -Z ji ) / Z line ij

where ij is not equal to mn

 The sought-after current flow changes due to
removing line pq are for all ij
ΔIij = I’ij – Iij

 Calculating the current flow pattern in the

modified network, in which line pq has been
removed, requires only that we inject current
1,=d, as before, into the modified network.
The voltages are
[ V’i ] [Z’11 Z’12 . . . . Z’in] [0] [Zipd]
I . I I . I I.I I . I
I . I=I . I IdI = I . I
I . I I . I I.I I . I
[V’n] [Z’N1 Z’N2 . . . Znn] [0] [Z’npd]
 Preventive control
Introduction:-
Preventive control is about taking steps to stop
problems before they happen. It's like fixing things
before they break. This approach involves figuring out
what could go wrong, setting up rules and procedures
to prevent these issues, and regularly checking to
make sure everything is working well. Instead of
waiting for problems to occur and then dealing with
them, preventive control aims to stop them in their
tracks. This method not only helps save money and
keeps things running smoothly but also improves
safety. However, it can be challenging because it
requires time, effort, and sometimes people are
Key concepts and principles associated
with Preventive Control:

1.Load forecasting and scheduing

Load forecasting is the process of predicting the
future electricity demand based on historical data
and other relevant factors. It helps in determining
the optimal generation and transmission resources
required to meet the forecasted load. Load
scheduling involves the allocation of generation
resources to meet the forecasted load while
considering various constraints.
2.Generation planning and scheduling
Generation planning involves determining the
optimal mix of generation resources, including
thermal, hydro, and renewable sources, to meet the
expected load demand. Generation scheduling
focuses on optimizing the operation of generation
units to meet the real-time load demand while
considering factors such as fuel costs, environmental
constraints, and system
3.Transmission networkreliability.
planning and
expansion
Transmission network planning involves the design
and expansion of the transmission infrastructure to
ensure reliable and efficient power transfer. It
includes activities such as load flow analysis,
contingency analysis, and optimal placement of
The goal is to minimize transmission losses, voltage
drops, and congestion in the network.

4.Voltage control and reactive power

management
Voltage control is essential for maintaining the voltage
levels within acceptable limits to ensure the proper
functioning of electrical equipment. Reactive power
management involves the control and regulation of
reactive power flow in the system to maintain voltage
stability. Various devices and control strategies, such
as tap changers, shunt capacitors, and voltage
regulators, are used for voltage control and reactive
power management.
5.Frequency control and active power
management
Frequency control is crucial for maintaining the
system frequency within the acceptable range. Active
power management involves the control and
regulation of active power generation and
consumption to maintain the balance between
generation and load. Automatic Generation Control
(AGC) and load shedding are commonly used
strategies for frequency control and active power
management.
 Advantages of Preventive Control

 Greater accuracy is achieved in assigning

personal responsibility
 Preventive control encourages self- control and
makes corrective action more effective
 Preventive control may lighten the managerial
burden caused by direct controls
 Employees may be motivated to improve
themselves continuously.
 Emergency
control
Introduction:-

Emergency control in power systems involves

implementing rapid and decisive actions to stabilize the
grid during abnormal conditions such as faults,
equipment failures, or severe disturbances. This aspect
of power system operation is crucial to prevent
widespread blackouts and ensure the continuous supply
of electricity. Emergency control strategies include load
shedding, generation rescheduling, and network
reconfiguration. These measures are designed to quickly
restore balance between supply and demand, maintain
system frequency within acceptable limits, and prevent
Advanced technologies such as real-time
monitoring, automatic protection schemes, and
smart grid solutions play a vital role in enhancing
the effectiveness of emergency control, ensuring
the resilience and reliability of the power system
under adverse conditions.
 Key concepts and principles associated with
Emergency Control:

1.Fault detection and isolation

Fault detection and isolation involve the identification

and localization of faults in the power system.
Various algorithms and protection schemes, such as
distance relays and differential relays, are used to
detect and isolate faults to minimize their impact on
the system.
2.Emergency load shedding
Emergency load shedding is a strategy used to shed
non-critical loads during emergencies to maintain
system stability.
Load shedding criteria and strategies are developed
based on factors such as load priority, system
conditions, and available generation capacity.

3.Emergency generation
control
Emergency generation control involves re-dispatching
and rescheduling of generation units to restore the
balance between generation and load. It includes
actions such as ramping up or down generation units,
activating reserve units, and coordinating with
neighboring control areas.
4.Emergency voltage control
Emergency voltage control focuses on maintaining
voltage stability during system emergencies. Voltage
regulation devices and control actions, such as tap
changers, voltage regulators, and reactive power
dispatch, are used to regulate voltage levels and
prevent voltage collapse

5.Emergency frequency control

Emergency frequency control aims to restore the
system frequency to its normal range during frequency
deviation events. Load shedding and governor control
actions are implemented to restore the balance
between generation and load and stabilize the system
frequency.
 Advantages of emergency control
 Enhanced system stability
 Reduced downtime
 Protection of equipment
 Improved reliability and safety
 Load shedding and demand response
 Real-time monitoring and response
 Integration of renewable energy
 Regulatory compliance
 Economic benefits
 Resilience against cyber and physical threats
Conclusion

Contingency analysis in power systems helps

keep the electricity flowing smoothly by planning
for potential issues before they happen. Preventive
control means making improvements and
adjustments in advance to avoid problems, while
emergency control involves quick actions to fix
issues when they do occur. By using advanced
technologies and smart monitoring, power
systems can stay reliable and stable, ensuring that
everyone has electricity when they need it.
 Reference
books
1.Reactive power consideration in atomic contingency
selection: Albuyeh F, Bose A and Health B.

2.Power system optimization: D.P.Kothari and

J.S.Dhillon.

3.Smart Grid: Fundamental of Design and

Analysis:James Momoh

4.Power system satability and control:prabha Kundur

Thank you