International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 10 Number 8 - Apr 2014

Contingency Ranking and Analysis Using Mipower

Shahnawaaz Shaikh, Vijayalaxmi Lingaraddi
Engineering in Electrical and Electronics, VTU
Belgaum, India

Abstract Maintaining power system security is approaches involve a huge number of AC load flow
one of the challenging tasks for the power system calculations to determine the bus voltages and line flows for
engineers. The security assessment is an essential task as it each contingency. It is a challenging task for todays high
gives the knowledge about the system state in the event of speed computers and efficient algorithms. Another difficulty
a contingency. Contingency analysis technique is being is that contingency analysis always uses approximate fast
widely used to predict the effect of outages like failures of converging load flow algorithms such as Fast Decoupled load
equipment, transmission line etc., and to take necessary flow analysis which has poor convergence characteristics
actions to keep the power system secure and reliable. The when dealing with heavily loaded power systems. There are
off line analysis to predict the effect of individual other simple techniques such as most popular DC load flow
contingency is a tedious task as a power system contains analysis. The results are acceptable when compared with
large number of components. Practically, only selected standard AC load flow method; however it can only provide
contingencies will lead to severe conditions in power the Real Power (MW) flow under each contingency.
system. The process of identifying these severe Therefore voltage violations and line over loads due to
contingencies is referred as contingency selection and this excessive Reactive Power (Var) flows cannot be detected
can be done by calculating performance indices for each using this method. Distribution factors and sensitivity analysis,
contingencies. The main motivation of the work is to carry another method based on linear model can also be used for
out the contingency selection by calculating the two kinds this purpose but this method cannot provide accurate solution
of performance indices; voltage performance index (PIV) for a large power system due to its nonlinearity.
and over load performance index (PIF) for single
transmission line outage. With the help of Fast Decoupled
Load Flow (FDLF), the PIV and PIF will be calculated in II. CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
Mi-Power and further results will be verified in MATLAB. Contingencies are defined as potentially harmful
This provides an effective mean to rank the contingencies disturbances that occur during the steady state operation of a
for various loading and generation levels in a power power system. Load flow constitutes the most important study
system. The effectiveness of the method has been tested on, in a power system for planning, operation and expansion. The
IEEE-14 bus system. purpose of load flow study is to compute operating conditions
of the power system under steady state. These operating
conditions are normally voltage magnitudes and phase angles
Keywords contingency analysis, Mipower, MATLAB, at different buses, line flows (MW and Mvar), real and reactive
contingency ranking, PIV, PIF. power supplied by the generators and power loss.
In a modern Energy Management power system security
I. INTRODUCTION monitoring and analysis form an integral part but the real time
A reliable, continuous supply of electrical energy is implementation is a challenging task for the power system
essential part of todays complex societies. In recent years the engineer. A power system which is operating under normal
power systems are pushed to operate closer to their limits due mode may face contingencies such as sudden loss of line or
to the combination of increased energy consumption and generator, sudden increase or decrease of power demand.
various kinds of obstructions to extension of existing These contingencies cause transmission line overloading or bus
transmission system. A power system is said to be secured voltage violations. In electrical power systems voltage stability
when it is free from danger or risk. Security is ability of the is receiving special attention these days. During the past two
system to withstand any one of the pre-selected list of and half decades it has become a major threat to the operation
contingencies without any consequences. of many systems.
Conventional methods for contingency analysis involve load
flow analysis which is an iterative method. Various methods A. Methods of Contingency Analysis
like AC load flow and several performance index (PI) based
methods are used for power system contingency analysis. In The different methods used for analyzing the
conventional methods a power flow solution is required at contingencies are based on full AC load flow analysis or
each iteration, which is again an iterative method itself. reduced load flow or sensitivity factors. But these methods
Therefore these methods are not suitable for online need large computational time and are not suitable for on line
applications due to the large computation time. All these applications in large power systems. It is difficult to

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 10 Number 8 - Apr 2014

implement on line contingency analysis using conventional Where,

methods because of the conflict between the faster solution
Vi = Voltage at bus i obtained from FDLF solution.
and the accuracy of the solution. Some important methods are
and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in V = Voltage at bus j obtained from FDLF solution.
the title or heads unless they are unavoidable. X=Reactance of the line connecting bus i and bus j.
Reactive performance index can be calculated by
AC load flow method
Performance index method
B. Load flow methods
Mathematical techniques used for load flow study are Where,
Vi= Voltage of bus i.
Gauss seidal method
Vimax and Vimin are maximum and minimum voltage limits.
Newton Raphson method
Vinom is average of Vimax andVimin.
Decoupled method Npq is total number of load buses in the system.
Fast decoupled load flow method
B. Section Headings
III. MODELLING OF C ONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
Since contingency analysis involves the simulation of each
Start
contingency on the base case model of the power system,
three major difficulties are involved in this analysis. First is
the difficulty to develop the appropriate power system model.
Read the system bus
Second is the choice of which contingency case to consider
and third is the difficulty in computing the power flow and
bus voltages which leads to enormous time consumption in Set the contingency counter k=0
the Energy Management System. It is therefore apt to separate
the on-line contingency analysis into three different stages
Simulate the line outage contingency
namely contingency definition, selection and evaluation.
Contingency definition comprises of the set of possible
contingencies that might occur in a power system, it involves Calculate the MW in all transmission line and Pmax using Calculate PIV
the process of creating the contingency list. Contingency FDLF
selection is a process of identifying the most severe
contingencies from the contingency list that leads to limit
Calculate PIf
violations in the power flow and bus voltage magnitude, thus Calculate the voltage at all the buses using FDLF

this process eliminates the least severe contingencies and

shortens the contingency list. It uses some sort of index
calculations which indicates the severity of contingencies. On Last
contingency yes
the basis of the results of these index calculations the reached?
contingency cases are ranked. Contingency evaluation is then
done which involves the necessary security actions or
necessary control to function in order to mitigate the effect of no
contingency [4]. Increment counter K=K+1

A. Voltage performance and overload performance index

Voltage performance index is calculated by, Rank the contingencies as per highest value of
PIV & PIF

Do the power flow analysis for most

severe contingency

Where, Print the results

Pi = Active Power flow in line i,
Pimax= Maximum active power flow in line i,
Stop
n is the specified exponent,
L is the total number of transmission lines in the system.
Pimax can be calculated using, Pimax=Vi*Vj/X
Fig 1: Flowchart for contingency ranking

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 10 Number 8 - Apr 2014

IV. CASE STUDY V. RESULTS

IEEE-14 bus system is been modeled in Mipower software
A. MI POWER RESULTS
which consists of 1 slack bus, 9 load buses and 4 generator
buses. Here we check stability of a 14-bus system for I. MIPOWER LINE FLOW RESULTS
transmission line outages. Two indices are taken for ranking
of contingencies they are PIV and PIF, based on the above
mentioned indices the overall contingency rank is obtained.
The active power flow in each transmission lines that has been
obtained using FDLF.At the later stage the results are
compared with the MATLAB results. The figure 2 shows the
IEEE-14 bus system which is modeled in Mipower.

Fig 3: Line flow results obtained from Mipower

II. LOSSES

Fig 4: Losses results obtained from Mipower

II) Loading

Fig 2: IEEE-14 bus system

Fig 5: Loading results obtained from Mipower

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 10 Number 8 - Apr 2014

B. Matlab Results

I. LINE FLOWS III. LOADING

Fig 8: Loading results obtained from MATLAB

Legend:
Fig 6: Line flow results obtained from MATLAB ! Number of lines loaded beyond 125%
@ number of lines loaded between 100% and 125%
II. LOSSES
# number of lines loaded between 75% and 100%
$ number of lines loaded between 50% and 75%
^ number of lines loaded between 25% and 50%
& number of lines loaded between 1% and 25%
* number of lines loaded between 0% and 1%
C. RANKING OF CONTINGENCIES

I. LINE OUTAGE

Fig 7: Losses results obtained from MATLAB Fig 9: Line outage results obtained from Mipower

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 10 Number 8 - Apr 2014

II. TRANSFORMER AND LINE OUTAGE

Fig 10: Transformer and line outage results obtained from Mipower

VI. CONCLUSION
The study has been carried out for the contingency
selection and ranking which are important for contingency
analysis by evaluating two Performance indices
namely:(PIV)Voltage Performance indices and (PIF)Overload
Performance indices. These indices are calculated for IEEE
14-bus using the Fast Decoupled Load Flow(FDLF) method.
By using Mi-power and MATLAB results have been verified.

REFERENCES
[1] Allen Wood and Woolenberg,Power Generation Operation and
Control,Wiley India 2nd Edition, 2009.
[2] Sttot B, Alsac O and Monticelli A.J,Security Analysis and
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[3] Lee C.Y and Chen N,Distribution factor and reactive power flow in
transmission line and transformer outages,IEEE Transactions on
Power system,Vol.7,No.1.pp.194-200,February 1992.
[4] Sttot B and Alsac O,fast decoupled load flow,IEEE Transcations on
Power Apparatus and systems Vol. PAS-91,No.5,pp-859-862.May
1974..
[5] Singh S.N and Srivastava S.C, Improved voltage and reactive
distribution factor for outage studies, IEEE Transactions on Power
systems, Vol. 12, No.3, pp.1085-1093,August 1997.
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flow solution for fast approximate outage studies, IEEE Transactions
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October 1972.

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