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Data Communication
Lecture 4
Digital Transmission
Najia Bensaud Spring 2023 Digital Transmission
• A computer network is designed to send information from one point to another. This information needs to be converted to either a digital signal or an analog signal for transmission. In this chapter, we discuss the first choice, conversion to digital signals. • DIGITAL TO DIGITAL CONVERSION • In this section, we see how we can represent digital data by using digital signals. • The conversion involves three techniques: line coding, block coding, and scrambling. Line coding is always needed~ block coding and scrambling mayor may not be needed. Line Coding
• Line coding is the process of converting digital data to digital signals. We assume that data, in the form of text, numbers, graphical images, audio, or video, are stored in computer memory as sequences of bits. • Line coding converts a sequence of bits to a digital signal. • At the sender, digital data are encoded into a digital signal; at the receiver, the digital data are recreated by decoding the digital signal. Signal Element Versus Data Element • Data Rate Versus Signal Rate The data rate defines the number of data elements (bits) sent in Is. The unit is bits per second (bps). The signal rate is the number of signal elements sent in Is. The unit is the baud. There are several common terminologies used in the literature. The data rate is sometimes called the bit rate; the signal rate is sometimes called the pulse rate, the modulation rate, or the baud rate. • One goal in data communications is to increase the data rate while decreasing the signal rate. Increasing the data rate increases the speed of transmission; decreasing the signal rate decreases the bandwidth requirement. In our vehicle-people analogy, we need to carry more people in fewer vehicles to prevent traffic jams. We have a limited bandwidth in our transportation system. Line Coding Schemes Unipolar Scheme
• Unipolar Scheme: In a unipolar scheme, all the signal levels are on one side of the time axis, either above or below. • NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero): Traditionally, a unipolar scheme was designed as a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) scheme in which the positive voltage defines bit 1 and the zero voltage defines bit 0. It is called NRZ because the signal does not return to zero at the middle of the bit. Polar Schemes
• Polar Schemes: In polar schemes, the voltages are on the both sides of the time axis. For example, the voltage level for 0 can be positive and the voltage level for I can be negative. • Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) In polar NRZ encoding, we use two levels of voltage amplitude. • Two versions of polar NRZ: NRZ-L (NRZ-Level),and NRZ-I (NRZ-Invert). Polar Schemes
• Return to Zero (RZ) uses three values: positive, negative, and zero. • The signal goes to 0 in the middle of each bit. It remains there until the beginning of the next bit. • In below example bit 0 is presented by negative value, bit 1 is presented by positive value. Polar Schemes
• Biphase: Manchester and Differential Manchester.
• In Manchester encoding, the duration of the bit is divided into two halves. The voltage remains at one level during the first half and moves to the other level in the second half. • Differential Manchester, combines the ideas of RZ and NRZ-I. There is always a transition at the middle of the bit, but the bit values are determined at the beginning of the bit. If the next bit is 0, there is a transition; if the next bit is 1, there is none. Bipolar Schemes
• In bipolar encoding (sometimes called multilevel binary), there are three voltage levels: positive, negative, and zero. The voltage level for one data element is at zero, while the voltage level for the other element alternates between positive and negative. • AMI and Pseudoternary • AMI A zero voltage represents binary 0. Binary 1s are represented by alternating positive and negative voltages • Pseudoternary in which the 1 bit is encoded as a zero voltage and the 0 bit is encoded as alternating positive and negative voltages..
