PRESENTATION ON

LED
 TEAM INVOLVED IN
THIS
Sr .No Name Roll Number

1 PREM PAL SHARMA 24BAI70009

2 HARSHIT GARG 24BAI70018

3 KRISHANJOT 24BAI70489
 LIGHT EMITTING
❖ INTRODUCTION
DIODE
❖ HISTORY

❖ CONSTRUCTION OF LED

❖ WORKING

❖ HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES AN LED

EMIT ??

❖ TESTING OF LED

❖ TYPES OF LED

❖ COMPARISON OF LED

❖ ADVANTAGES AND DIS-

ADVANTAGES

❖ APPLICATIONS OF LED
INTRODUCTION
➢ LED is an acronym for light emitting diode.
➢ A led is a two-lead semiconductor light source.
➢ It is a pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated by a suitable voltage is applied to
the leads.
➢ The most important part of led is semiconductor chip located in the center of the bulb as
shown at the
right.
➢ The chip has a two regions (p and n) separated by a junction.
➢ The junction acts as a barrier to the flow of electrons b/w the p & n regions.
HISTORY
❑ INVENTORS

➢ 1907 - H.J. ROUND Discovered electroluminescence when using silicon carbide and a cats whisker.
LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

➢ 1920 S - OLEG V. LOSEV Studied the phenomena of light emitting diodes in radiosets. His first work
on 'leds' involved a report on light emission from sic.
SAINT PETERSBURG, RUSSIA

➢ 1961 - James R. Biard. "Bob" Biard and Gary Pittman Developed the infrared LED at texas
instruments. This was the first modern LED.
DALLAS, TEXAS

H.J. OLEG V. JAMES R.

ROUND LOSEV BIARD.
❑ INVENTORS
➢ 1962 - Nick Holon yack Jr. Develops the red LED, the first LED of visible light . he used gaasp (gallium arsenide
phosphide) on a GAAS substrate. General electric.

Syracuse, New York

➢ 1972 - Herbert Maruska and Jacques Pankove develop the violet LED using mg-doped GAN films.

RCA labs , new jersey

➢ 1976 - Thomas P. Pearsall develops special high brightness led for fiber optic use. This improves communications
technology
worldwide.

Paris, France
Nick Holon yack Herbert Thomas P.
JR. Maruska Pearsall
CONSTRUCTION OF
LED
➢ The LED consist of a chip of
semiconductor
Material doped with impurities to create a
PN junction.
➢ The chip are mounted in a reflecting
tray Order to increase the light out put.
➢ The contacts are made on the cathode
side By means of conductive adhesive
and on the Anode side via gold wire to
the lead frame.
➢ The plastic case encloses the chip
area of The lead frame.
❑ N TYPE
➢ This type of semiconductor is obtained
when A pentavalent material like

arsenic(as) is added To pure silicon

crystal.

➢ Each arsenic(as) atom forms covalent

bonds With the surrounding four Silicon

atoms
With the help of four of its five electrons.
➢ The fifth electron is superfluous and is

Loosely bound to the arsenic(as) atom 8.

❑ P TYPE
➢ This type of semiconductor is
obtained When a trivalent material
like boron is Added to pure silicon
crystal.
➢ The three valence electrons of
boron Atom form covalent bonds
with four
Surrounding silicon atoms but one
Bond is left incomplete and gives
rise To a hole .
➢ thus, boron which is called an
acceptor Impurity causes as many
positive holes in A silicon crystal
as there are boron
WORKING OF LED
❑ WORKING
➢ The P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it. This phenomenon is generally
called “electroluminescence”, which can be defined as: “the emission of light from a P-N junction
under the influence of an electric field”. The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N
junction as the electrons cross from the n-region and recombine with the holes existing in the p-
region. Free electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence
energy band. Thus the energy level of the holes will be lesser than the energy levels of the
electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and
the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.
➢ The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes but in gallium
arsenide phosphide(gaasp) and gallium phosphide (gap) semiconductors, the electrons dissipate
energy by emitting photons. If the semiconductor is translucent, the junction becomes the source
of light as it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode, but when the junction is reverse
biased no light will be produced by the LED and, on the contrary, the device may also be
damaged.
❑ LED: HOW IT WORKS

➢ When current flows Across a

diode.
➢ Negative electrons move one way
and
Positive holes move the other way.
➢ The wholes exist at a Lower
energy level than The free
electrons.
➢ Therefore when a free electrons

Falls it losses energy.

➢ This energy is emitted in
a

Form of a photon, which

Causes light.
➢ The color of the light is
Determined by the
Fall of the electron and
Hence energy level
Of the photon.
➢ The inner working of
an led, Showing circuit
(top) and
Band diagram (bottom).
HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES AN LED
EMIT ??
❑ HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES AN LED EMIT ???
❖ The energy (E) of the light emitted by an LED is related to the:
➢ Electric charge (q) of an electron and the voltage (V) required
to light
➢ The LED by the expression: E = qv joules.
This expression simply says that the voltage is proportional to the
Electric energy.
The constant q is the electric charge of a single electron,
-1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
➢ Let us say that you have a red LED, and the voltage measured between the leads of
LED is 1.71 volts. So the energy required to light the LED is:
E = qv
Or
E = -1.6 x 10-19 (1.71) joule,
➢ Since a coulomb-volt is a joule. The product of these of numbers then gives
E = 2.74 x 10-19 joule.
TESTING OF LED
➢ Never connect an LED directly to a
battery or
Power supply! It will be destroyed almost
Instantly because too much current will
pass Through and burn it out.
➢ Led must have a resistor in series to limit
the
Current to a safe value, for quick testing
Purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for
most led If your supply voltage is 12V or
less.

➢ Remember to connect the led the

Correct way round!
TYPES OF LED
 Some main types are given
below;
❖Type of led on the base of
color
❖Traditional inorganic led
❖Organic led
❖Miniature
❖High power

Different size of led : 8 mm, 5 mm and 3

mm,
❖ TYPE OF LED ON THE BASE OF COLORS
➢ SINGLE COLOR LED
➢ MULTI COLOR LED
➢ SINGLE COLOR LED:-

Led are made from gallium-based

crystals that contain one or more additional Materials such as phosphorous to produce a
distinct colo.r.
➢ TRADITIONAL INORGANIC LED
o This type of led manufactured from

Inorganic materials.
o Some of the more widely used are

compound Semiconductor such as

aluminum gallium
Arsenide(ALGAAR), gallium arsenide
Phosphide(GAARP), and many more.
❖ ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLED)
➢ The OLED mostly used display technology computer
monitors, Télévision , mobile phone screen etc.
❖ MINIATURE

➢ Miniature surface mount led in most common sizes. They can much smaller than a traditional 5mm
lamp type LED.

➢ 1.9 to 2.1V for red, orange & yellow.

➢ 3.0 to 3.4V for green & blue.

➢ 2.9 to 4.2V for violet, pink, purple & white.

❖ HIGH POWER
➢ For example, the CREE XP-G series LED achieved 105 lm/W in 2009, while nichia
released the 19 series with a typical efficacy of 140 lm/W in 2010.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF LED
❑ ADVANTAGES OF LED

❖ LED lighting efficiency: led emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs. The
efficiency of g fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.

❖ Color: led can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as traditional lighting
methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.

❖Size: led can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2[) and are easily attached to printed circuit
boards.

❖Warmup time: led light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in
under a
microsecond. Led used in communications devices can have even faster response times.

❖ Cycling: led are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike incandescent and
fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or high-intensity discharge lamps (hid lamps)
that require a long time before restarting.
❖ Dimming: led can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or lowering the
forward current. This pulse-width modulation is why LED lights, particularly headlights on cars,
when viewed on camera or by some people, appear to be flashing or flickering. This is a type of
stroboscopic effect.

❖ Cool light: in contrast to most light sources, led radiate very little heat in the form of IR that can
cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is dispersed as heat through the
base of the LED.

❖Slow failure: led mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure of incandescent
bulbs.

❖ Lifetime: led can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours
of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated
at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light
bulbs at 1,000 to 2,000 hours. Several DOE demonstrations have shown that reduced
maintenance costs from this extended lifetime, rather than energy savings, is the primary factor in
determining the payback period for an LED product.
❖ Shock resistance: led, being solid-state components, are difficult to damage with external
shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which are fragile.

❖ Focus: the solid package of the led can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and
fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable
manner. For larger LED packages total internal reflection (TIR) lenses are often used to the same
effect. However, when large quantities of light are needed many light sources are usually
deployed, which are difficult to focus or collimate towards the same target.
❑ DISADVANTAGES OF LED

❖High initial price: led are currently more expensive (price per lumen) on an initial capital cost
basis, than
most conventional lighting technologies. As of march 2014, at least one manufacturer claims to have
reached
$1 per kilo lumen. The additional expense partially stems from the relatively low lumen output and the
drive circuitry and power supplies needed.

❖ Temperature dependence: led performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of

the operating environment – or “ thermal management " properties. Over-driving an LED in high
ambient temperatures may result in overheating the LED package, eventually leading to device
failure. An adequate heat sink is needed to maintain long life. This is especially important in
automotive, medical, and military uses where devices must operate over a wide range of
temperatures, which require low failure rates. Toshiba has produced led with an operating
temperature range of -40 to 100 °C, which suits the led for both indoor and outdoor use in
applications such as lamps, ceiling lighting, street lights, and floodlights.
❖ Efficiency droop: the efficiency of led decreases as the electric current increases. Heating also
increases with higher currents which compromises the lifetime of the LED. These effects put
practical limits on the current through an LED in high power applications.

❖ Impact on insects: led are much more attractive to insects than sodium-vapor lights, so much
so that there has been speculative concern about the possibility of disruption to food webs.

❖Use in winter condition: since they do not give off much heat in comparison to traditional
electrical lights,
led lights used for traffic control can have snow obscuring them, leading to accidents.
APPLICATIONS OF LED
Applications of led are given
below:
•Sensor application
•Mobile application
•Sign application
•Automotive users
•Led signals
•Illumination
•Indicators
 1) SENSOR
APPLICATION:

➢ Medical
instrumentation
➢ Bar code readers
➢ Color & money
sensors
➢ Encoders
➢ Optical switches
➢ Fiber optic
communication
 2) MOBILE
APPLICATION:
➢ Mobile phone
➢ Pad's
➢ Digital cameras
➢ Lap tops
➢ General
backlighting
 3) SIGN
APPLICATION:
➢ Full color video
➢ Monochrome message boards
➢ Traffic/VMS
➢ Transportation - passenger
information
 4) AUTOMOTIVE
USERS
➢ Interior lighting - instrument panels & switches, courtesy
lighting
➢ Exterior lighting - CHMSL,
Rear stop/turn/tail
➢ Truck/bus lighting - retrofits, New turn/tail/marker
lights
 5) SIGNAL
APPLICATION
➢ Traffic
➢ Rail
➢ Aviation
➢ Tower lights
➢ Runway lights
➢ Emergency/police vehicle
lighting
 INDICATI
ON
➢ Household appliances
➢ VCR/ DVD/ stereo and other audio and video
devices
➢ Toys/games
➢ Instrumentation
➢ Security Equipment
➢ Switches
Thank You