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Week 9, Lecture 2: Beams
Distributed Loadings
Prof Daramy Vandi Von Kallon
Associate Professor Tuesday 29th August 2023 Q/K G306 11h20 – 13h45 Lecture Objectives At the end of this lecture students should be able to:
• Understand the load replacement method for beams
• Compare the finite element method to exact solutions for beams.
• Discuss beams with nodal hinges.
Distributed Loadings Beam members can support distributed loading as well as concentrated nodal loading. Therefore, we must be able to account for distributed loading.
Consider the fixed-fixed beam subjected to a uniformly distributed
loading w shown the figure below.
The reactions, determined from structural analysis theory, are called
fixed-end reactions. Distributed Loadings In general, fixed-end reactions are those reactions at the ends of an element, if the ends of the element are assumed to be fixed (displacements and rotations are zero).
Therefore, guided by the results from structural analysis for the case of a uniformly distributed load, we replace the distributed load by concentrated nodal forces and moments tending to have the same effect on the beam as the actual distributed load. Work Equivalence Method The figures below illustrates the idea of equivalent nodal loads for a general beam. We can replace the effects of a uniform load by a set of nodal forces and moments. Work Equivalence Method The method is based on the concept that the work done by the distributed load is equal to the work done by the discrete nodal loads. The work done by the distributed load is:
Where v(x) is the transverse or shear displacement. The work done by the discrete nodal forces is:
The replacement process is determined by setting:
Wdistributed = Wnodes
for arbitrary displacements and rotations.
Work Equivalence / Load Replacement Method The differential equation governing simple linear-elastic beam behaviour can be derived as follows. Consider the beam shown below.
Using the work equivalence method or: W = Wnodes
Work Equivalence / Load Replacement Method Evaluating the left-hand-side of the above expression we get:
Gives: Work Equivalence / Load Replacement Method Let us introduce a set of arbitrary nodal displacements, such as:
The resulting nodal equivalent force or moment is:
Let us introduce a set of arbitrary nodal displacements, such as:
The resulting nodal equivalent force or moment is:
Work Equivalence / Load Replacement Method Setting the nodal rotations equal zero except for the nodal displacements gives:
Summarizing, the equivalent nodal forces and moments are:
General Formulation For a beam structure under Similarly for the local distributed loading or nodal coordinates: forces:
Let us assume that:
Where F are the concentrated nodal forces and Fo are called the equivalent nodal forces. If we now assume that concentrated nodal forces are not present (F = 0). Then: Summary of Steps in the Load Replacement Method 1. Replace the distributed load by its work-equivalence as shown in the figure to identify the nodal force and moment used in the solution.
2. Assemble the global force and stiffness matrices and global equations illustrated by .
3. Apply the boundary conditions to reduce the set of equations as done in
previous problems.
4. Solve for the unknown displacements and rotations.
5. Use global equations to obtain the final correct global nodal forces and moments. Those forces and moments at supports, such as the left end of the cantilever, will be the reactions. Comparison of Finite Element Solutions with Exact Solutions for Beams Consider the cantilever beam shown.
From classical beam theory we obtain the double integrals:
Classical theory: ,
Finite element solution: , m
Comparison of Finite Element Solutions with Exact Solutions for Beams
Displacement diagram Comparison of Finite Element Solutions with Exact Solutions for Beams
Bending Moment diagram
Comparison of Finite Element Solutions with Exact Solutions for Beams
Shearing force diagram
Beam Elements with Nodal Hinge In some beams an internal hinge may be present and this causes a discontinuity in the slope of the deflection curve at the hinge.
The hinge can be at the right-end or at the left-end as
shown in the diagram above. The bending moment and rotation at a hinge are both zero. The shear force or the axial force can be designed to be zero. Beam Elements with Nodal Hinge The general beam stiffness matrix is:
k=
If we partition this matrix at the degree of freedom
where m1 or m2 is zero we get a restructured form of the stiffness matrix for beam elements with nodal hinge. For the case of m2 = zero k= Beam Elements with Nodal Hinge The general form of the force displacement equation for beams with nodal hinge is written. When hinge is at the right-end:
