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    1 Forces

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    1 Forces

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    UNKNOWN
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    1-FORCES

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    1 Forces

    Uploaded by

    UNKNOWN

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    FORCE

    S
    Introduction
     A force is usually a push or pull action acting upon an object as a
    result of its interaction with another object.
     A force acting on an object may cause the object to change shape,
    to start moving, to stop moving, to accelerate or decelerate.
     The forces that two objects exert on each other usually act in pairs.
     When two objects interact with each other they exert a force on
    each other. There are a variety of types of forces. Force types are
    divided into two broad categories based on whether the force
    resulted from the contact or non-contact interaction between
    objects.
     The unit of force is Newton (N).
    Contact forces

     A contact force is any force that requires contact between


    objects/surfaces. Contact forces are all around us and are
    responsible for most of the visible interactions between objects. For
    example: moving a couch across a floor, pushing a car up a hill and
    kicking a ball are all interactions where contact forces are present.
     Types of contact forces:
     Frictional force
     Tension force
     Normal force
     Air resistances force
     Applied force (push or pull forces)
     Elastic force (spring)
    Non-contact forces

     Non-contact forces
     A non-contact force is a force which acts on an object
    without being physically in contact with it.
     Types of non-contact forces:
     Gravitational force
     Electrostatic force
     Magnetic force
    Gravitational force:

     Gravity/gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which all


    things with mass or energy (including planets, stars, galaxies
    and even light) are attracted toward one another. On Earth
    gravity gives weight to physical objects, and the Moon’s
    gravity causes the ocean tides. Gravity has an infinite range,
    although its effects become increasingly weaker as objects
    get further away.
     The greater the mass of the object, the greater the
    gravitational pull.
     Mass is the amount of a specific substance which is
    determined by its composition.
     Weight is the amount of force acting on an object and is the
    product of the mass and the gravitational acceleration
    (w=m·g).
    Electrostatic force:
     Electrostatic forces are attractive or repulsive forces between
    particles that are caused by their electric charges. This force is also
    called the Coulomb force or Coulomb interaction and is so named for
    the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, who described
    the force in 1785.
     Objects with like charges repel one another, while objects with unlike
    charges attract one another.
     When rubbing objects/particles together, the electrons will move
    from one material (this object is now positively charged) to another
    material (this object is now negatively charged). These charged
    objects in an electrostatic system possess potential energy (this
    energy comes from the work done by the rubbing of the
    objects/particles).
     Let’s have a look at the following:
     In a thunder cloud, air and water particles rub together by moving
    past each other in the atmosphere. The result is that the thunder
    cloud is now charged. The lightning that we see occurs because
    there was a massive discharge (release of charge) between the
    cloud and the surface of the Earth.
    Magnetic force:

     A magnetic force is the mechanical force exerted by a magnetic


    field upon a magnetic pole placed in it.
     A magnetic field describes the influence of electric charges in
    relative motion and magnetized materials. Magnets can attract
    magnetic substances like iron, steel, cobalt and nickel. These
    substances are known as ferromagnetic substances.
     All magnets have two poles (north and south). Always remember
    that opposite poles attract each other and like poles repel each
    other.
    NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
     Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that
    together laid the foundation for classical mechanics (the
    application of mathematics in terms of motion and forces).
    They describe the relationship between a body (the mass
    thereof) and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in
    response to said force(s).
    Newton’s First Law of Motion
    A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at
    constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant/net
    force acts on it.
    Newton’s first law therefore describes
    the unwillingness of objects to
    change their state of motion. This
    phenomenon is called inertia.
    or
    Inertia is the resistance of any
    physical object to any change in its
    state of motion, including changes to
    its speed and direction. It is the
    tendency of objects to keep moving in
    a straight line at constant velocity.
    NB: Why is it important for the occupants of a vehicle to wear
    safety belts?
    Newton’s Second Law of Motion
    When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the
    object will accelerate in the direction of the force at
    an acceleration directly proportional to the force
    and inversely proportional to the mass of the
    object.
    Fa
    a
    F = m·a
    It is important to note that Newton’s second law
    refers to the resultant or net force in a system.

    The forces acting on an


    object can be replaced
    with a single force that
    causes the object to
    behave in the same
    way as all the separate
    forces acting together did,
    this one overall force is
    called the resultant force.
    All forces (F) are
    measured in newton (N).
     The resultant force can be obtained or determined the sum of the
    forces (acting in a straight line) in a system.
     Remember forces in opposite directions has opposite signs (+/-)
    and are therefore subtracted from one another.
    Activity: Resultant forces
     Complete this activity in your workbook.

    Calculate the resultant force for each of the following


    scenarios.
    Activity will be printed.
    Examples of calculations
     Example 1:

    A 10kg box is placed on a table. A horizontal force with


    magnitude 32N is applied on the box on a frictionless surface.

    1. Determine the resultant force acting on the box.


    2. Calculate the acceleration of the box.
    Example 2:

     A 10kg box is placed on a table. A horizontal force with a


    magnitude of 32 N is applied to the box. A frictional force of
    magnitude 7N is present between the surface and the box.

    2.1 Determine the resultant force acting on the box.


    2.2 Calculate the acceleration of the box.
     Activity will be printed.
    Newton’s Third Law of Motion

    When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second


    body exerts a force of equal magnitude in the opposite direction
    on the first body.
     All forces in the universe occur in equal but opposite directed
    pairs. There are no isolated forces. For every external force
    that acts on an object there is a force of equal magnitude but
    opposite direction which acts back on the object which exerted
    that external force.

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