Qualitative Research

Qualitative
Research and Its

Importance in Daily
Life
Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research
Eddiebal P. Layco, PhD

Assistant Professor III
Content Standard
• The value of qualitative research

• Uses, strengths and weaknesses of
qualitative research
• The importance of qualitative research
across fields of inquiry
• Kinds of qualitative research
Learning Competencies
• Describes the characteristics, strengths,

weaknesses and kinds of qualitative
research
• Illustrates the importance of qualitative
research across fields
ideas, views, feelings, attitudes, lifestyle,
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
subjective meaning
Qualitative Research
• Creswell (1994) defines qualitative

researches as processes of inquiry of
understanding social or human problems
based on building a complex, holistic picture
formed with words, reporting detailed views
of informants and conducted in natural
setting. (Melegrito, M., & Mendoza, D.,
2016).
• It is a narrative descriptions obtained by

having conversation with participants,
making notes about how participants behave
in natural settings or by obtaining narrative
records (Polit, D., & Beck, D., 2006).
• It is considered as “soft science” because it

deals with the “subjective meaning” of
experience to an individual (Tan. C., 2006).
• Qualitative Research is a scientific research

due to some attributes (Garcia, C., &
Reganit, A., 2010)
– It seeks answer to a question or query.
– It is a set of predefined procedure to answer a
query.
– It collects evidence to respond to a question.
– It produces results that are not determined in
advance.
– It produces findings that are applicable beyond the
immediate boundaries of the study.
3-minute essay…
• Synthesis on the definition of Qualitative

Research.
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Characteristics
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
Qualitative Research:
Characteristics
#1. Human understanding and

interpretation
It analyses and presents an

individual’s mental, social, and
spiritual understanding of the world.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Characteristics
#2. Active, powerful, and forceful

We are not fixated to a certain
plan. Instead, we are inclined to
discover our qualitative research
design as our study gradually
unfolds or reveals itself in
accordance with our research
objectives.
(Baraceros, E.,
Characteristics
#3. Multiple research approaches and

methods
It allows us to plan our study in

various ways. It applies to all
research types like descriptive,
exploratory, explanatory, case study,
etc.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Characteristics
#4. Specificity to generalization
It uses inductive or scientific

method of thinking. Specific ideas in
a qualitative research are directed to
a general understanding of
something.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Characteristics
#5. Contextualization
Our goal in qualitative research
is to understand human behavior.
Hence, we have to consider all
variables, factors or conditions
affecting the study.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Characteristics
#6. Diversified data in real-life situations

Collection of data is being done in
natural setting like observing people as
they live and work, analyzing photographs
or videos as they genuinely appear to
people and looking at classrooms
unchanged or adjusted to people’s
intentional observations.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Characteristics
#7. Abounds with words and visuals

In this kind of research, textual
information comes in big quantity.
Data are gathered through
interviews, library reading, quoting
some respondents’ answers, visual
presentation, etc.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Characteristics
#8. Internal analysis
We study people’s perception or

views about a topic. We study data
yielded by the internal traits of the
informants.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Advantages and Disadvantages
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES
Strengths and Weaknesses
STRENGTHS
#1. It adopts naturalistic approach to

its subject matter, which means that those
involve in the research understand things
based on what they find meaningful.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
STRENGTHS
#2. It promotes a full understanding of

human behavior or personality traits in their
natural setting.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
STRENGTHS
#3. It is instrumental for positive

societal changes.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
STRENGTHS
#4. It engenders respect for people’s

individuality as it demands the researcher’s
careful and attentive stand toward people’s
world views.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
STRENGTHS
#5. It is a way of understanding and

interpreting social interactions.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
STRENGTHS
#6. It increases the researcher’s

interest in the study as it includes the
researcher’s experience of background
knowledge in interpreting verbal and visual
data.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
STRENGTHS
#7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring

and examining knowledge about something.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
WEAKNESSES
#1. It involves a lot of researcher’s

subjectivity in data analysis.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
WEAKNESSES
#2. It is hard to know the validity or

reliability of the data.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
WEAKNESSES
#3. Its opened-ended questions yield

“data-overload” that requires long-time
analysis.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
WEAKNESSES
#4. It’s time-consuming.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
WEAKNESSES
#5. It involves several processes, which

results greatly depend on the researcher’s
views or interpretation.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Rationale for conducting a Qualitative
Research
WHY QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Rationale to Conduct
1. Topics that need to be explored.

2. Need to present a detailed view of the topic.
3. Need to study individuals in their natural
setting.
(Garcia, C., & Reganit,

A., 2010)
Defend and refute!
• Qualitative research is scientific.
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Defend and refute
• Subjective data are meaningless while

objective data are meaningful.
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Defend and refute
• The researcher is the data gathering

instrument in qualitative research.
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
State your position.
• Given the chance to research, would you

right away choose qualitative research?
Explain your answer briefly.
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Ethnography Case Study
Phenomenology Focused
Group
Content and Discourse Analysis
Historical Analysis
Grounded Theory
COMMON KINDS AND

TRADITIONS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
FOCUS GROUP
DISCUSSION
Focus Groups
• Aka as group interviewing
• It is a research strategy for understanding
respondents’ attitude and behavior.
• 6-12 respondents are interviewed
simultaneously, in which a skilled moderator
leads the participants in a relatively free
discussion about a focal topic.
(Garcia, C., & Reganit, A., 2010)
Focus Groups
• Purposes of focused group discussion

– Allows gathering of preliminary
information for a research project
– Allows developing items for survey
research
– Allows an understanding the reasons
behind a particular phenomenon.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF FGD
Focus Groups
• ADVANTAGES OF FGD
✔Permits the collection of preliminary
information about a topic or phenomenon.
✔It can be conducted very quickly.

Focus Groups
• ADVANTAGES OF FGD
✔Question design and follow up in focus
groups are flexible.
✔Responses are often more complete and
less inhibited than those from individual
interviewers.
Focus Groups
• DISADVANTAGES OF FGD
✔Some groups become dominated by self-
appointed group leader who monopolizes
the dialogue and attempts to impose his
opinion on other participants.

Focus Groups
• DISADVANTAGES OF FGD
✔Gathering quantitative data is
inappropriate for a focus group.
✔Small focused group samples are
composed of volunteers and do not
necessarily represent the population from
which they were drawn.

Focus Groups
EXAMPLES:
“Causes of Deviant Behavior of Students.”
“Perception of Parents Regarding Three-Child

Policy”
CASE STUDY
Case Study
• It is being used as a research design and

being conducted across disciplines. It is a
research strategy that serves as an
evaluation and reporting method.
• Its goal is to understand the boundaries of
the case and the complexity of the behavior
patterns of the bounded system.
(Cohen D., & Crabtree B.,
2006)
Case Study
• It takes place in the field of social care,

nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers,
and education. It takes long-time study of a
person, group, organization or situation.
• Varieties of data collection methods such as
interviews, questionnaires, observations and
documentary analysis are being used.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF CASE
STUDY
Case Study
• ADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY

✔This method is most valuable when the
researcher wants to gather tremendous
details about the research topic.
✔It also suggest reasons as to why
something happened.

Case Study
• ADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY

✔It provides the researcher the ability to
deal with a wide spectrum of evidence like
documents, historical artifacts, systematic
interviews, direct observations and even
traditional surveys, which can be
incorporated in a case study.

Case Study
• DISADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY

✔It lacks scientific rigor.
✔Not easily open to generalization.
✔Time-consuming.

Case Study
EXAMPLES:
“A Case Study on a Patient diagnosed with

Appendicitis.”
“ A Case Study of Children with Gestational

Diabetes.”
ETHNOGRAPHY
Ethnography
• It means “to write about a group of people”

(Melegrito, M., & Mendoza, D., 2016).
• This type of research study is grounded in
the field of anthropology and the practice in
situ, meaning the researchers are immersed
within the community studying for extended
periods of time (Melegritio, M., & Mendoza,
D., 2016; Baraceros, E., 2016).
Ethnography
• It involves description and interpretation of

cultural and social behavior of people in a
group or system, primarily to understand
their world view and how their culture is
communicated and portrayed (Tan, C., 2006).
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
ETHNOGRAPHY
Ethnography
• ADVANTAGES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
✔It allows coordination of collected data in
an integrated and inductive manner,
research can be more fluid.
✔It allows observation in a natural context
which could yield insights that other forms
of research cannot.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lIzz3DlEWQ )
Ethnography
• DISADVANTAGES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
✔It is time-consuming.
✔Writing the final report maybe difficult.
✔Researchers are at risk for “going-native”,
it may compromise their duties as
researchers.
Ethnography
• DISADVANTAGES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
✔The researcher presence and potential
lack of ethical consideration may
negatively impact the group of people.
Ethnography
EXAMPLES:
“ The Lifestyle, Beliefs and Health Habits of the
Aetas of Mt. Pinatubo.”
“The Parental Style, Attitude and Child Rearing

Practices of Mangyans in Oriental Mindoro.”
PHENOMENOLOGY
Phenomenology
• It studies the lived experiences of individuals

about a phenomenon through description and
analysis.
• Its goal is to describe the “lived experiences
and lived human relations or being in the
world of people”.
• It explores the structures of consciousness in
human experiences.
(Garcia, C., & Reganit, A., 2010; Tan, C., 2006)

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
PHENOMENOLOGY
Phenomenology
ADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTING A
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
✔ It allows the researcher to explore and
describe the meaning of the lived
experiences for several individuals about the
concept or a phenomenon.
(Garcia, A., & Reganit, A., 2010)

Phenomenology
DISADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTING A
✔ It is difficult to recruit participants
depending on the phenomenon of interest.
✔ It is time-consuming.
✔ Analysis, interpretation can be difficult.

Phenomenology
DISADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTING A
✔ Bias can happen even with bracketing.
✔ Small number of participants may not
represent the whole population concerned in
the study.

Phenomenology
EXAMPLES:
“Lived Experiences of Sexually Abused, and
Abandoned Children.”
“Psycho-social and Emotional Trauma

Experienced by Children of Separated
Parents and Overseas Workers.”
CONTENT AND
DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
Content Analysis
• CONTENT ANALYSIS
– It is a method in qualitative research which
requires examination of the substance or
content of the mode of communication.
– It studies material rather than people directly.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Content Analysis
• CONTENT ANALYSIS
– A technique for systematically describing
written, spoken or visual communication. It
provides a quantitative (numerical)
description. Many content analyses involve
media - print (newspapers, magazines),
television, video, movies, the Internet. Any
medium that can be recorded and reviewed is
appropriate.
(Stambor, Z., 2005)
Discourse Analysis
• DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
– It deals with a larger systems of thought
within a particular historical location that
make certain things thinkable and sayable and
regulating who can say them
(Foucault as cited in
UND, 2015)
• ADVANTAGE OF CONTENT AND
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
• It entails few ethical consideration because there is
no need to manipulate people.
• DISADVANTAGE OF CONTENT AND

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
– Biased finding lacks validity
EXAMPLES:
“Content Analysis of online discussion in an
applied educational psychology course.”
“A decade of discourse analysis of environmental

politics: Achievements, challenges perspectives.”
HISTORICAL
ANALYSIS
Historical Analysis
• It involve identification, location, critical

evaluation and synthesis of past events in
order to shed light on present behavior,
trends or practices.
(Tan, C.,
2006)
Historical Analysis
• It is central in finding and understanding

connection of past events to the present
time.
(Baraceros, E.,
2016)
Historical Analysis
• ADVANTAGE OF HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

✔ It helps at predicting cause and effect
relationships.
• DISADVANTAGE OF HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

– It is time consuming and prone to biases.
Historical Analysis
Historical Analysis
EXAMPLES:
“Florence Nightingale’s political power in the
19th century which effected change in
Nursing Practice.”
“A study of the factors leading to the historical

development and growth of cooperative learning”
GROUNDED
THEORY
Grounded Theory
• It refers to analysis of data leading to the

development of theory
• It includes in-depth interview and
observation of the study participants to
generate comprehensive explanations of
phenomena grounded in reality.
(Tan, C.,
2006)
Grounded Theory
EXAMPLES:
“A grounded-theory study of help-seeking
behaviors among White male high school
students.”
“Hope, despair and hopelessness in living with

HIV/AIDS: a grounded theory study.”
Name the type of qualitative research
best suited for the following topics.
#1. The Mangyan’s Burial Practices
#1. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Adapted from Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical research 1 (1st ed.). Quezon City, QC: Rex Bookstore,
Inc. pp. 23-24
#2. Filipinos in death row.
#2 PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Inc. pp. 23-24
#3. The Effectiveness of the K-12

Curriculum
#3 CASE STUDY RESEARCH
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Inc. pp. 23-24
#4. Grade 11 Earth Science Book
#4 CONTENT AND DISCOURSE

ANALYSIS
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Inc. pp. 23-24
#5. Philippines’ Political Party System: Then

and Now
#5. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Inc. pp. 23-24
#6. Perception of Drug Abusers about Oplan

Tokhang
#6. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Inc. pp. 23-24
#7. Parent’s Views About the K-12

Curriculum
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Inc. pp. 23-24
#8. Aling Nena: A Filipino Centenarian
#8. CASE STUDY RESEARCH
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Inc. pp. 23-24
#9. A mother with Down Syndrome Children
#9. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Inc. pp. 23-24
#10. Ideal student
LEARNING CHECK! ☺
Inc. pp. 23-24
Bibliography
Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical research 1 (1st ed.). Quezon City, QC: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Boyd, N., (n.d). Historical Research Design: Definition, Advaantages and Limitations. Retrieved from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/historical-research-design-definition-advantages-limitations.html
Content Analysis [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4stcNCBcNU
Ethnography [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lIzz3DlEWQ
Garcia, C., & Reganit, A. (2010). Developing competencies in research and thesis writing.
Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Melegrito, M., & Mendoza, D. (2016). Applied research: An introduction to qualitative research
methods and report writing. Quezon City, QC: Phoenix Publishing House
Phenomenology [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uNp7okdc-E
Stambor, Z. (2005, June). Emotionally loaded topic may impair speech. Monitor on Psychology, 36,
15
Bibliography
Tan, C. (2006). A research guide in nursing education A text and worbook (3rd ed.). Makati City:
Visual Print Enterprises
University of North Dakota, Education Foundation & Research. (2015, January 15). What is discourse
analysis? Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUeA0PEF_g4&t=321s

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Qualitative

Research and Its

Eddiebal P. Layco, PhD

• The value of qualitative research

• Describes the characteristics, strengths,

• Creswell (1994) defines qualitative

• It is a narrative descriptions obtained by

• It is considered as “soft science” because it

• Qualitative Research is a scientific research

• Synthesis on the definition of Qualitative

#1. Human understanding and

It analyses and presents an

#2. Active, powerful, and forceful

#3. Multiple research approaches and

It allows us to plan our study in

#4. Specificity to generalization

It uses inductive or scientific

#6. Diversified data in real-life situations

#7. Abounds with words and visuals

#8. Internal analysis

We study people’s perception or

#1. It adopts naturalistic approach to

#2. It promotes a full understanding of

#3. It is instrumental for positive

#4. It engenders respect for people’s

#5. It is a way of understanding and

#6. It increases the researcher’s

#7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring

#1. It involves a lot of researcher’s

#2. It is hard to know the validity or

#3. Its opened-ended questions yield

#4. It’s time-consuming.

#5. It involves several processes, which

1. Topics that need to be explored.

(Garcia, C., & Reganit,

• Qualitative research is scientific.

• Subjective data are meaningless while

• The researcher is the data gathering

• Given the chance to research, would you

COMMON KINDS AND

• Purposes of focused group discussion

(Garcia, C., & Reganit, A., 2010)

(Garcia, C., & Reganit, A., 2010)

(Garcia, C., & Reganit, A., 2010)

“Causes of Deviant Behavior of Students.”

“Perception of Parents Regarding Three-Child

• It is being used as a research design and

• It takes place in the field of social care,

• ADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY

(Garcia, C., & Reganit, A., 2010)

• ADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY

(Garcia, C., & Reganit, A., 2010)

• DISADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY

(Garcia, C., & Reganit, A., 2010)

“A Case Study on a Patient diagnosed with

“ A Case Study of Children with Gestational

• It means “to write about a group of people”

• It involves description and interpretation of

“The Parental Style, Attitude and Child Rearing