3.2 Movement in and Outof Cells

BASHEER AHMED
Osmosis
OSMOSIS
• When there is partially permeable membrane water will always move from where
it is more to where it is less. This is osmosis.

OSMOSIS
• It is the net movement of water molecules from a region their high potential to
low potential, through partially permeable membrane.

TYPES OF SOLUTION
• A solution with lower solute concentration is known as Hypotonic solution.
• A solution which has greater solute concentration is known as Hypertonic solution.
• Solutions with equal solute concentration are known as Isotonic solution.
Effect of osmosis on animal
cells
So, what condition is good for plant
and what condition is good for
animals?
Effect of osmosis on animal
cells
Plant cells in Hypotonic
(dilute) solution
 In a hypotonic solution, water diffuses into the plant cell , the vacuole is filled with water, and the cell becomes
turgid. The water entering the cell creates Turgor pressure, which pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.
 The cells of a well-watered plant are all turgid. This helps to keep the soft parts of a plant firm and in shape. Turgidity
helps to support the plant.
Plant cells in Hypertonic (very
concentrated) solution
 In hypertonic solution, water diffuses out of the plant cell the cell surface membrane pulls away from the cell wall, and
the cytoplasm and vacuole get smaller. They stop exerting pressure on the cell wall and cell becomes soft or flaccid.
 If water keeps going out of the cell, and the cytoplasm keeps on shrinking, the cell surface membrane will eventually be
pulled away from the cell wall. The cell is said to be plasmolysed and internal pressure is lost in plant cells, and the
plant wilts.
GROUP A
GROUP A
Investigating osmosis using POTATO.
• Remember: Potatoes are made up of cells which have partially permeable cell
membrane
• You will work in group. Before starting read carefully what you are going to do.
• You are given three labelled beakers—Pure water, Dilute salt solution and
Concentrated salt solution. Each beaker has different water potential.
• Using your knowledge of water potential, arrange the beakers with decreasing
water potential---Highest water potential to lowest water potential. Write them
here in the spaces below.
• ……………………. > ……………………………. > ….……………………………

Procedure
• Youhave three potato cylinders. Using a ruler, measure the length of each
potato cylinder.
• Drop
one potato cylinder in each of the beaker-all the three at same time.
Immediately start the stop watch.
• Letthe potato cylinders sit in beakers for 15-20 minutes. You can answer
the below questions in this time.
• Q1.Draw three beakers in the space below and fill the table with
Drawing
other details
Length of
potato
cylinder
Length of
potato
cylinder
• Q2. Using your knowledge of the movement of water by osmosis,
predict and explain what change you might observe in each of the
potato cylinder.
• Q3. Explain why adding all the potato cylinders at same time is
important. How did you do this?
• Q4. How can the investigation be made more fair and reliable.
• After15-20 minutes, measure the final length of each cylinder and find the
difference in length. Note them down in the table below.
• Q6.
Write any other difference if you find in the potato cylinders in each
beaker?
Initial length of potato

cylinder in cm
Final length of potato

cylinder in cm
Difference in length
Any other difference for

example in their
appearance or hardness
GROUP B
GROUP B
Investigating osmosis partially permeable
membrane--- VISKING TUBE.
• Remember: Visking tube is made up of artificially made---partially permeable
membrane
• You will work in group. Before starting read carefully what you are going to do.
• You are given two Visking tubes labelled beakers—Salt solution and Pure water.
• Each Visking tube has different water potential.
• Using your knowledge of water potential arrange the Visking tubes with decreasing
water potential---Highest water potential to lowest water potential. Write them here
in the spaces below.
…………………………………. > ……………………………….

Procedure
• You have two Visking tubes.
• Using a ruler and thread, measure the diameter of each Visking tube.
• Bend the Visking tube and decide whether it is lose and floppy or tight and
turgid
• Drop each Visking tube into each of the beaker at same time. Immediately
start the stop watch.
• Let the Visking tubes sit in beakers for 15-20 minutes. You can answer the
below questions in this time.
• Q1.Draw two beakers in the space below and fill the table with
other details
Drawing of how
the Visking tube
is like
Diameter of the
visking tube in
cm
Any other
observations in
the visking tube
visking tube.
• Q3. Explain why adding the visking tubes in beakers at same time is
• Q5.After 15-20 minutes Measure the final diameter of each visking
tube and find the difference. Note them down in the table below.
• Q6. Write any other difference if you find in each visking tube?
Initial diameter of
visking tube in cm
Final diameter of
visking tube in cm
Difference in diameter
Any other difference

like
change in the size
volume or how turgid
or lose it is
visking tube.
• Q3. Explain why adding the visking tubes in beakers at same time is
Experiments on
osmosis
To demonstrate
osmosis using potato
cylinders
To demonstrate osmosis using dialysis
tubing
In which tube does liquid level rise more?
Uptake of water by
osmosis
Uptake of water by
osmosis
Uptake of water by
osmosis
 When there is less water in root hair cells than in the soil, water enters the root hair cell
through its partially permeable cell membrane, by the process of osmosis.
 This increases the water potential of the root hair cell. Osmosis then causes the water to
move from the root hair cell to the next cell.
 The water molecules move like this from cell to cell until they reach the xylem vessels in the
centre of the root, then they are transported up to the stem and into the leaves.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Active transport is defined as the movement of ions through the cell membrane, from a region of
lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, against the concentration gradient,

using energy (ATP) released by respiration.
MECHANISM OF ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
Importance of Active transport
 There are special protein molecules, called carrier proteins/transport proteins, in the cell
membranes of the root hair cells.
 These carrier proteins pick up molecules/mineral ions from outside the cell, and then change
shape in such a way that they push them into the cytoplasm of the cell.
 Energy is needed to produce the shape change in the carrier protein which is provided by
respiration in the mitochondria of root hair cells.
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
1.
Importance of Active
Absorption of mineral ions by root hairs.
transport
2. Absorption of most of the digested food molecules in small intestine
3. In kidney tubules

3.2 Movement in and Outof Cells

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BASHEER AHMED

it is more to where it is less. This is osmosis.

low potential, through partially permeable membrane.

• ……………………. > ……………………………. > ….……………………………

Initial length of potato

Final length of potato

Any other difference for

• Each Visking tube has different water potential.

…………………………………. > ……………………………….

Any other difference

lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, against the concentration gradient,

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