FERTILITY

Concepts and Measures

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Fertility
• Refers to the actual birth performance
indicated by live births

Fecundity
• Physiological capacity of a woman,
man or couple to conceive or
reproduce
 Live births
• The complete expulsion from its mother the
product of conception
✔ Irrespective of the duration of pregnancy
✔ After expulsion shows evidence of life such as
breathing, pulsation, beating of the heart, definite
movement of voluntary muscle
✔ Whether or not the placenta has been cut or not
 Factors affecting fertility

• Nuptiality/union and sexual intercourse

✔ Union marks the exposure to childbearing
✔ The younger a woman enter into union, the longer
the exposure
✔ More frequent sexual intercourse increases chance
of pregnancy (especially when there is no
contraception)
✔ Indicated by age at first marriage and marital
status
 Factors affecting fertility

• Age of menarche
✔ Menarche marks the onset of woman’s capacity to
conceive or get pregnant
❑ Early onset of menarche coupled with early
sexual intercourse heightens the risk of early and
unwanted pregnancy
✔ Early pregnancy among adolescents poses high
risk in pregnancy
 Factors affecting fertility

• Contraception
✔ Use of contraception helps manage
fertility or planning pregnancy
❑ Prevents the fertilization of sperm and
egg cell thus preventing pregnancy
❑ Condom also can help reduce the risk
of sexually transmitted diseases
 Factors affecting fertility

• Lactational infecundabililty/ postpartum

amenorrhea
✔ Following a pregnancy a woman remains
unable to conceive (i.e. infecund) until the
normal pattern of ovulation and
menstruation is restored
✔ The infecundity is a function of lactation or
breastfeeding
 Factors affecting fertility

• Induced abortion
✔ This terminates conception
✔ Includes any act of deliberately
interrupts the normal course of gestation
or pregnancy
✔ It is illegal in the country but with high
recorded incidence (more than 470,000
cases in 2008 – Guttmacher study)
 Factors affecting fertility

• Duration of fertile period

✔ The duration of fertile period is a
function of the duration of the
viability of the sperm or ovum
 Factors affecting fertility
• Socio-economic factors
✔ Education and income is negatively associated with
fertility
❑ Women with less education and who are poor
have higher fertility
❑ Education is associated with knowledge on
accurate information about pregnancy and family
planning
❑ Level of income determines access to necessary
information and services
 Factors affecting fertility

• Gender and cultural factors

✔ Cultural barriers to sexual health
❑ Sexuality is a taboo
❑ Double standard on sexuality
✔ Many sexuality and fertility attitude decisions are
made by men and disadvantageous to women
❑ Higher preference of men for number of children
❑ Preference for sons
❑ Lack of sensitivity to women’sexual concerns
 Factors affecting fertility

• Gender and cultural factors

✔ Women has no power or inferior
negotiating power to refuse sexual
abuses and advances
✔ Lack of access to appropriate
information and services on sexual and
reproductive health
 Fertility Measures
• Crude birth rate (CBR)
• General fertility rate (GFR)
• Age specific fertility rate (ASFR)
• Total fertility rate (TFR)
• Gross reproduction rate (GRR)
• Net reproduction rate (NRR)
• Children ever born (CEB)
• Child woman ratio (CWR)
 Fertility measures
Crude birth rate (CBR)
• The ratio of the number of births during a
period (one year) to the total number of
persons in the population as of the middle of
the same period
• CBR = (B/P) x 1,000
• B = number of births in a given year
• P = total mid-year population

• Expression: There were 32 live births per

1,000 population in the Philippines in 2012
 Fertility measures
Crude birth rate (CBR)
✔ Why “crude”?
❑ Because its denominator
includes people who are not
risk of giving birth (e.g. women
beyond reproductive age and
men)
 Fertility measures
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
• A more refined measure than the CBR since it
restricts the denominator to women of
childbearing

Number of births in a given

GFR = year x 1,000
Mid-year of population of
women aged 15-49 in the
same year

• There were 128 births per 1,000

women of reproductive age or aged
15-49
 Fertility measures

Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

• It depicts variations of fertility by age groups

Number of births to reproductive

women in specific age group
ASFR =
x 1,000
Number of women in the same
age group

• The Philippines had 50 live births per 1,000 women

aged 15-19 in 2010
 Fertility measures
Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

Age 1998 2003 2008 2013

NDHS NDHS NDHS NDHS
15-19 46 53 54 57
20-24 177 178 163 148
25-29 210 191 172 147
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 30-34 155 142 136 127
35-39 111 95 84 84
1998 NDHS 2003 NDHS 40-44 40 43 38 37
45-49 7 5 6 7
2008 NDHS 2013 NDHS

While fertility among women in the peak of childbearing years (20-34)

has declined, births among adolescents (15-19) and among 45-49 has
increased (i.e. risky pregnancy)
 Fertility measures

• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

✔ The number of children a woman would
have by the time she reaches age 50 (or
during her reproductive age), if she were to
experience the fertility schedule defined by
ASFRs from the start to the end of
childbearing
✔ The sum is multiplied by 5 because of the
width of the interval of the age group
 Fertility measures
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

TFR = 5 Σ
ASFRi
Where:
ASFR = age specific fertility
rate
5 = age group interval

Sample interpretation: In 2008, the total fertility

rate is 3.3 children per woman of reproductive
age
 The Population Challenges

Low Total Fertility Rate

Total Fertility Rate Based on the NDHS, National Capital Region, 1993-
2022
2.8 2.8
2.5
2.3 2.3

1.9

1.2

1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017 2022

Fertility Rate
Source: Various NDHS Results
 Fertility measures

• Children ever born

✔ Derived by asking the women the number of children
they ever had
✔ Usually tabulated by woman’s age yielding cumulative
fertility of women up to specified points in their
childbearing years
✔ Limitations:
❑ Measures past fertility
❑ Children who died young might not be remembered
 Other Fertility measures
• Wanted fertility
• Contraceptive prevalence rate – percentage of
married women aged 15-49 currently using any
family planning method
• Intention to use contraceptives
• Marital status
• Age at first marriage
• Age at first menstruation/ menarche
• Age at first sexual intercourse
• Recent sexual activity
• Postpartum amenorrhea
• Abstinence
• Menopause
 Exercise: Compute for ASFR and TFR

ASFR/1,000
ASFR/individual
Number of Women women
Age Births in 2010 (last 2 decimal
in July 1 (whole number)
numbers)

15-19 3,319,790 166,743

20-24 2,902,118 553,904
25-29 2,485,988 541,907
30-34 2,090,235 380,049
35-39 1,733,089 208,914
40-44 1,363,988 69,879
45-49 1,108,143 8,905
TOTAL 15,003,351 1,930,301

TFR =
 ANSWERS:

Number of ASFR per

ASFR per
Age Women in July Births in 2010 1,000 women
individual
1

15-19 3,319,790 166,743 0.05 50 births

20-24 2,902,118 553,904 0.19 191
25-29 2,485,988 541,907 0.22 218
30-34 2,090,235 380,049 0.18 182
35-39 1,733,089 208,914 0.12 121
40-44 1,363,988 69,879 0.05 51
45-49 1,108,143 8,905 0.01 8
TOTAL 15,003,351 1,930,301 0.82

TFR = 4.1 average number of children given the ASFR in 2010

THANK
YOU
 The Population Situation
Filipinos in NCR continue to grow in numbers, around 120K annually from
2015-2020

12.88 13.48
11.86
9.93

2.25
1.78 1.58
0.97

2000 2010 2015 2020

Year

Source: PSA, Various Censuses

 The Population Situation

2,960,048

NCR Population by
City/Municipality:
1,846,513 2010, 2015 & 2020
1,661,584

886,722
803,159
714,978 689,992
629,616 606,293
543,445
456,059 440,656 425,758 380,522
247,543
126,347 65,227

Source: PSA, Various Censuses

The Population Situation
 The Population
Situation
Population Density
persons
21,765 per square
kilometer
NCR POPULATION
DENSITY
73,920Manila
45,83 Mandaluyong
0
31,54 Pasay
3
cities with
the highest
population
Philippines 36 density in
NCR
3 of Population
Source: 2020 PSA Census
and Housing
 The Population Situation

NCR Population Density by LGU, 2015 and 2020

Population Density Population Density
(Persons per Square (Persons per Square
Kilometer) Kilometer)
Land Area Land Area
Region/City/ (Square Region/City/ (Square
Municipality Kilometer) Municipality Kilometer)
2015 2020
2015 2020

National Capital
619.54 20,785 21,765 City of Valenzuela 47.02 13,195 15,206
Region
City of Manila 24.98 71,263 73,920
City of Las Piñas 32.69 18,014 18,547
City of Mandaluyong 9.29 41,580 45,830
City of Makati 21.57 27,010 29,189
City of Marikina 21.52 20,945 21,192
City of Muntinlupa 39.75 12,692 13,672
City of Pasig 48.46 15,586 16,574
City of Parañaque 46.57 14,297 14,816
Quezon City 171.71 17,099 17,239
City of San Juan 5.95 20,534 21,235 Pasay City 13.97 29,815 31,543
Caloocan City 55.80 28,387 29,778
Pateros 10.40 6,138 6,272
City of Malabon 15.71 23,267 24,222
Taguig City 45.21 17,804 19,613
City of Navotas 8.94 27,904 27,689
Source: 2015 & 2020 PSA Census of Population and Housing
 The Population Situation
2020 Population Pyramid, National Capital Region

Source: 2020 PSA Census of Population and Housing

 Total Dependency Ratio of NCR: 2010, 2015 &
2020

NCR HH Population

(By Age-Group) 2010 2015 2020

0 - 14 years old (young

3,432,948 3,497,408 3,693,365
dependents)
65 years and over (old dependents) 399,369 503,143 634,522
15 - 64 years old
7,964,556 8,787,118 9,075,664
(working-age population)
Total Dependency Ratio (TDR) 48 45 48

Source: PSA, 2010, 2015 & 2020 censuses

 The Population Challenges
Proportion of Young, Old and Working Age Populations by LGU:
2015 and 2020

Source: 2015 & 2020 PSA Census of Population and Housing

 NCR Population by Sex (2020)

Males Females
6,674,23 6,729,312
9

There are 99 males for every 100

females.
2020 PSA Census of Population and Housing
 The Population Situation

Percentage of Women of Reproductive Age in

NCR, 2020

44.78%
55.22%

WRA Non-WRA
Source: 2020 PSA Census of Population and Housing
 The Population Situation
Lifetime Migration Stream by Region, Philippines, 2020

Source: 2020 Census on Population and Housing

 The Population Challenges

Low Total Fertility Rate

Total Fertility Rate Based on the NDHS, National Capital Region, 1993-
2022
2.8 2.8
2.5
2.3 2.3

1.9

1.2

1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2017 2022

Fertility Rate
Source: Various NDHS Results
 The Population Challenges
Low Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate, by LGU:

2020
FY 2020, 2021, 2022
2021
2022

NCR Mal- Navota Valen- Calooc Marik- Pasig Pa- Taguig Que- Makati Man- San Manila Las Muntinl Paraña Pasay
abon s zuela an ina teros zon daluy- Juan Piñas upa que City
City ong
2020 18.77 29.54 31.77 21.2 14.28 11.42 16.54 13.27 23.83 29.39 7.32 14.52 15.71 5.9 12.61 26.46 16.8 21.62
2021 18.87 29.46 36.4 21.63 14.11 11.64 17.46 13.26 23.31 29.43 8.21 13.93 15.82 5.63 12.64 26.72 16.54 21.56
2022 22.1 30.53 33.33 20.3 12.97 14.77 24.25 19.82 29.49 34.59 11.82 20.33 16 9.43 11.58 27.57 21.25 29.19

SOURCE: FHSIS
 The Population Challenges

Registered Live Births among 15-19 in MM, 2022

2,441
2,308

1,623

842
734
551 523 519 517 461
371 362 329 315
216
54 49

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 The Population Challenges

Registered Live Births among 10-14 in MM, 2022

Pateros -
San Juan -
Mandaluyong 4
Navotas 6
Makati 6
Pasay 8
Muntinlupa 8
Marikina 11
Parañaque 12
Valenzuela 14
Malabon 14
Pasig 19
Las Piñas 25
Taguig 28
Caloocan 29
Quezon City 64
Manila 77
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(02) 8531-6650
ncr@cpd.gov.ph

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