Electro Magnetic 2

BASICS OF
AVIONICS
 Type of Audience : Beginner Technicians

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 Degree of Confidentiality : Non-Confidential
PAGE 1
CONTENTS
Definition of wave 
Types of Waves 
Properties of EMW Wave  ELECTRO MAGNETIC
WAVES
Electromagnetic Spectrum 
PAGE 2
Definition of wave
a wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance of one or more quantities. periodic
waves oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium value at some frequency. When the
entire waveform moves in one direction, it is said to be a traveling wave; by contrast, a
pair of superimposed periodic waves traveling in opposite directions makes a standing
wave .
Figure 1 Transverse waves.

PAGE 3
Types of Waves
Mechanical waves
transfers energy through a material medium for example, sound waves are variations of
the local pressure and particle motion that propagate through the medium.
Figure 2 sound waves. PAGE 4

Electromagnetic Waves
can travel through a vacuum and not need a material medium to transfer. For
example, radio waves, infrared rays and x-rays.
Figure 3 Electromagnetic Waves.
PAGE 5
Electromagnetic Waves (EMW)
If you have ever tuned in to listen to a radio, spoken on a handphone, turned on a
light, had an X-ray taken, felt the warmth of sun on your skin you have
experienced electromagnetic waves.
Figure 4 Examples Of EMW.

PAGE 6
Properties of EMW Wave
An electromagnetic wave consists of two waves that are oscillations of
the electric and magnetic fields. An electromagnetic wave travels in a
direction that is right angles to the oscillation direction of both fields at.
Figure 5 EMW SHAPE.
PAGE 7
They do not require any medium to transfer.
Figure 6 Examples of radiation.
EMW can be reflected or refracted.
Figure 7 refracted wave Figure 8 reflected wave

PAGE 8
Their frequencies do not change as they pass from one medium to another. However, both
their speed and wavelength will change.
They carry energy from one place to another.
They are all neutral charge as all of them oscillate with electric and magnetic field
perpendicular to each other.
EMW can be emitted or absorbed by matter.
Figure 9 Examples for Radiation Figure 10 Examples for Absorbing

PAGE 9
 They transfer at the speed of 3x108 ms-1 in vacuum.
Figure 11 relation between frequency and wavelength.
Where c = speed of wave (m/s)

f = frequency of wave
(Hz)
λ = wavelength (m)
PAGE 10
 FREQUENCY
• The frequency of the transmitted signal is the number of times per second the RF energy
completes one cycle.
• The basic unit of measurement is the hertz (Hz). One hertz equals one cycle per second.
Most radars have an RF in the millions of hertz, or megahertz (MHz).
 WAVELENGTH
• Wavelength is a measure of the physical distance between peaks of a sine wave
propagated in space.
• wavelength is measured in meters; most radar signals have wavelengths measured in
centimeters or millimeters.
• The relationship between wavelength and frequency is inverse: the higher the frequency,
the shorter the wavelength.
PAGE 11
• wavelength issued to describe systems operating at very high frequencies, such
as millimeter wave, and for describing infrared (IR) systems.
Figure 12 Frequency and wavelength.
PAGE 12
When an electric field changes, so does the magnetic field. The changing
magnetic field causes the electric field to change. When one field vibrates—so
does the other
Figure 13 Relation Between Magnetic Field and Electric Field.
PAGE 13
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum represents the range of energy from low energy,
low frequency radio waves with long wavelengths up to high energy, high
frequency gamma waves with small wavelengths.
Figure 14 electromagnetic spectrum. PAGE 14

Notice the wavelength is long (Radio waves) and gets shorter (Gamma Rays)
Figure 15 range of frequencies.
PAGE 15
Types of Electromagnetic Waves
RADIO WAVES
Low energy waves with long wavelengths and low frequencies. Includes FM,
AM, radar, and TV waves. Used in many devices such as remote-control
items, cell phones, wireless devices, etc.
Figure 16 Examples of radio waves.

PAGE 16
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) measure the time it takes a radio wave to
travel from several satellites to the receiver, determining the distance to each
satellite.
Figure 17 GPS system.
PAGE 17
(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) MRI : Uses Short wave radio waves with a
magnet to create an image.
Figure 18 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PAGE 18
MICROWAVES
Have the shortest wavelengths and the highest frequency of the radio waves.
Waves transfer energy to the water in the food causing them to vibrate which
in turn transfers energy in the form of heat to the food.
Figure 19 application for microwaves.
PAGE 19
INFRARED RAYS
Infrared= below red
Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than microwaves.
You can feel the longest ones as warmth on your skin Warm objects give off more heat energy
than cool objects.
Thermogram: a picture that shows regions of different temperatures in the body. Temperatures
are calculated by the amount of infrared radiation given off.
Figure 20 Thermogram pictures.

PAGE 20
VISIBLE LIGHT
The visible light spectrum is the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the
human eye can view. More simply, this range of wavelengths is called visible light.
Typically, the human eye can detect wavelengths from 380 to 700 nanometers.
Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than infrared rays.
Longest wavelength= red light
Shortest wavelength= violet (purple) light.
Figure 21 visible light spectrum.

PAGE 21
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than visible light.
Carry more energy than visible light.
Causes your skin to produce vitamin D (good for teeth and
bones).
Used to kill bacteria. (Sterilization of equipment)
Figure 22 applications of ultraviolet rays.
PAGE 22
Too much can cause skin cancer.
Use sun block to protect against (UV rays)
Figure 23 Negative effects of Ultraviolet rays.

PAGE 23
X- RAYS
Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than UV-rays
Carry a great amount of energy.
Can penetrate most matter.
Bones and teeth absorb x-rays. (The light part of an x-ray
image indicates a place where the x-ray was absorbed).
Figure 24 application of x-rays.

PAGE 24
Used by engineers to check for tiny cracks in structures.
The rays pass through the cracks and the cracks appear dark on film.
Figure 25 concrete sample.
PAGE 25
GAMMA RAYS
Shorter wavelength and higher frequency than X-rays.
Carry the greatest amount of energy and penetrate the most.
Used in radiation treatment to kill cancer cells.
Can be very harmful if not used correctly.
Exploding nuclear weapons emit gamma rays.
Figure 26 nuclear explosion.

PAGE 26

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BASICS OF

 Type of Audience : Beginner Technicians

Figure 1 Transverse waves.

Figure 2 sound waves. PAGE 4

Figure 3 Electromagnetic Waves.

Figure 4 Examples Of EMW.

Figure 5 EMW SHAPE.

Figure 6 Examples of radiation.

EMW can be reflected or refracted.

Figure 7 refracted wave Figure 8 reflected wave

Figure 9 Examples for Radiation Figure 10 Examples for Absorbing

Figure 11 relation between frequency and wavelength.

Where c = speed of wave (m/s)

Figure 12 Frequency and wavelength.

Figure 13 Relation Between Magnetic Field and Electric Field.

Figure 14 electromagnetic spectrum. PAGE 14

Figure 15 range of frequencies.

Figure 16 Examples of radio waves.

Figure 17 GPS system.

Figure 18 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Figure 19 application for microwaves.

Figure 20 Thermogram pictures.

Figure 21 visible light spectrum.

Figure 22 applications of ultraviolet rays.

Figure 23 Negative effects of Ultraviolet rays.

Figure 24 application of x-rays.

Figure 25 concrete sample.

Figure 26 nuclear explosion.

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