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    Cardiovascular - Circulatory System - Blood Vessels

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    Cardiovascular - Circulatory System - Blood Vessels

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    Cardiovascular_ Circulatory System_blood Vessels

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    2 views24 pages

    Cardiovascular - Circulatory System - Blood Vessels

    Uploaded by

    team TSOTARE

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    The

    Cardiovascula
    r System/
    circulatory
    system:
    Blood Vessels

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Objectives

    – Relate the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries to


    their functions
    – Relate the structure of veins to their functions.
    – State the importance of valves to venous blood flow.
    – Relate the structure of capillaries to their functions.
    Structure and function of
    blood vessels

    – 5 main types
    – Arteries – carry blood AWAY from the heart
    – Arterioles
    – Capillaries – site of gas exchange
    – Venules
    – Veins – carry blood TO the heart

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Structures of Arteries veins and capillaries

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Circulatory system
    Basic layers of blood
    vessels

    – 3 layers or tunics
    1. Tunica interna (intima)
    2. Tunica media
    3. Tunica externa
    – Modifications account for 5 types of blood vessels and their
    structural/ functional differences

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Structure of each layer

    – Tunica interna (intima)


    – Inner lining in direct contact with blood
    – Endothelium continuous with endocardial lining of heart
    – Active role in vessel-related activities
    – Tunica media
    – Muscular and connective tissue layer
    – Greatest variation among vessel types
    – Smooth muscle regulates diameter of lumen
    – Tunica externa
    – Elastic and collagen fibers
    – Vasa vasorum
    – Helps anchor vessel to surrounding tissue

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Arteries

    – 3 layers of typical blood vessel


    1. Tunica interna ( endothelium)
    2. Tunica media( Smooth muscle)
    3. Tunica externa- Outer external layer of muscles

    – These three layer of the arteries are thicker and muscular than
    they are in veins.
    – Arteries carry highly pressurized oxygenated blood from heart
    to rest of body. This is made possible by the thickened layers.

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Capillaries

    – Capillaries
    – Smallest blood vessels connect arterial flow of
    blood to the body with venous flow return.
    – Exchange vessels – primary function is gas
    exchange between of carbon dioxide gas( CO2)
    and oxygen gas (O2) in blood and interstitial
    fluid.

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    The heart
    – This is the organ responsible for the pumping of oxygenatetd blood
    to organs and organ tissue and the pumping of deoxygenated blood
    away from organs and body tissue.
    – The heart is divided into four chambers. The two on the right
    contain deoxygenated blood and are completely separated from the
    two on the left which contain oxygenated blood, by the septum.
    – The top two chambers, called atria, have thin walls and they collect
    blood entering the heart. The bottom two chambers, called
    ventricles, have thick walls and they pump blood out of the heart.
    – Valves are present between each atrium and ventricle and in the
    pulmonary artery and aorta as they leave the
    ventricles to ensure that blood flows through the heart in one
    Arteries, Capillaries, and
    Venule

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Types of Capillaries

    – 3 types
    1. Continuous
    – Endothelial cell
    membranes from
    continuous tube
    2. Fenestrated
    – Have fenestrations or
    pores
    3. Sinusoids
    – Wider and more winding
    – Unusually large
    fenestrations
    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    – Portal vein – blood passes through second capillary bed
    – Hepatic or hypophyseal
    – Venules
    – Thinner walls than arterial counterparts
    – Postcapillary venule – smallest venule
    – Form part of microcirculatory exchange unit with capillaries
    – Muscular venules have thicker walls with 1 or 2 layers of
    smooth muscle

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Veins

    – Veins bring deoxygenated blood from body to heart.


    – Structural changes not as distinct as in arteries
    – In general, very thin walls in relation to total diameter
    – Same 3 layers
    – Tunica interna thinner than arteries
    – Tunica media thinner with little smooth muscle
    – Tunica externa thickest layer but thinner than in arteries

    – Not designed to withstand high pressure because they have a thin muscular
    layers.
    – Valves – folds on tunica interna forming cusps
    – Aid in venous return by preventing backflow.
    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Venous Valves

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Blood Distribution

    – Largest portion of blood


    at rest is in systemic
    veins and venules
    – Blood reservoir
    – Venoconstriction
    reduces volume of
    blood in reservoirs and
    allows greater blood
    volume to flow where
    needed
    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Capillary exchange

    – Movement of substances between blood and interstitial


    fluid
    – 3 basic methods
    1. Diffusion- How does this occur?
    2. Transcytosis
    3. Bulk flow

    Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


    Summary
    GCSE Physical Education – The structure and functions of the cardiovascular system
    Structure of the cardiovascular system Vascular Shunting

    Aorta
    Blood flow
    Vena Cava Increased Re-distribution of
    increased to Vasoconstriction
    demand for blood flow
    working muscle / Vasodilation
    oxygen (Vascular shunt)
    Pulmonary vein groups

    Pulmonary artery
    Left atrium Vasoconstriction – NARROWING Vasodilation - EXPANDING
    Right atrium
    Bicuspid valve
    Semi-lunar valves
    Tricuspid valve Left ventricle
    Right ventricle
    Deoxygenated blood = BLUE (Right side)
    Oxygenated = RED (Left side) Septum

    Function of the cardiovascular system Blood vessels


    • Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients
    • Clotting of open wounds Arteries Veins Capillaries
    • Regulation of body temperature
    1. Away from the heart 1. Back to the heart 1. In the tissue
    2. Oxygenated blood (except 2. Deoxygenated blood (except 2. Site of gaseous exchange
    pulmonary artery) pulmonary vein) 3. Very thin walls
    3. Thick/elastic walls 3. Thin walls + larger lumen
    4. High pressure 4. Lower pressure
    5. Small lumen 5. Valves

    Components of blood - Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets & Plasma
    Carry oxygen from the lungs to the working Are part of the immune system and fight disease and Platelets clot blood and form a scab around the site
    muscles + Removes CO2. infection. of injury.
    Haemoglobin binds the
    Oxygen Plasma is the liquid/fluid
    part of blood that allows
    it to flow.
    @PEResourcesbank
    GCSE Physical Education – The structure and functions of the cardiovascular system
    Term Definition/notes/concept
    @PEResourcesbank

    Keywords:

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