1 - Basic Electronics

Electronics
Book Reference
Principle of Electronics
- V. K. Mehta
Topic
ELECTRONICS BASICS
Definition of Electronics
• The branch of engineering which deals with
current conduction through a vacuum or gas
tube or a semiconductor is known as
Electronics.
Importance
• Rectification
• Amplification
• Control
• Generation/Conversion
• Conversion of light into electricity
• Conversion of electricity into light
Rectification
Electronic Devices can covert a.c. power into d.c. power.
Uses:
Charging battery,
In DC generator,
Electroplating etc.
Amplification
Control
• Electronic devices used for automatic control:

– Speed of a motor
– Voltage Stabilizer (Exp. Used for Freeze)
– Temperature control (Like in air condition)
Generation/Conversion
• Electronic devices can convert d.c. into ac. of

any desired frequency.
• Example : Oscillator
Conversion of light into electricity
• Example : Photo-electricity (Solar Cell)

Conversion of electricity into light
• Example: LED
Electronics
Related to
 Vacuum tube
 Gas tube
 Semiconductor
Tubes
• Vacuum Tubes
– Diode Valve
– Triode Valve
Their working principle depends on
Thermionic Emission
• Gas Filled Tubes
– Phanotron
– Thyratron
Thermionic Emission
 The process of electron emission from a metal
surface by supplying thermal energy to it is
known as thermionic emission.
 Metals with lower work function will require

less additional energy and, therefore, will emit
electrons at lower temperatures.
 The commonly used materials for electron

emission are Tungsten, Thoriated Tungsten
and metallic oxides of Barium and Strontium.
Diode Valve
Diode Valve
Triode Valve
Triode Valve
Tubes
• Vacuum Tubes
– Diode Valve
– Triode Valve
• Gas Filled Tubes

– Phanotron
– Thyratron
Replaced with Semiconductor !!!

SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
Basic Atomic Structure
• Nucleus
– Proton
– Neutron
• Electron (Main concern)
Electron
• Energy of an electron
• Valance Electron
– Outermost orbit electrons.
– Determines the physical & chemical properties of a
material.
– Also, electrical properties.
Classification of materials
(On the basis of electrical conductivity)
Materials are generally classified into 3 categories:
 Conductor
 Insulator
 Semi-conductor
As a rough rule,
one can determine the electrical behaviour of a material
from the number of valance electrons.
(On the basis of valance electron)
On the basis of valance electrons,

materials are generally classified into 3 categories:
 Conductor
 Insulator
 Semi-conductor
(On the basis of Valance Electrons)
When the number of valance electrons of an atom is less than 4,

the material is usually a metal and a conductor.
Examples:
* Sodium (1 valance electron)
* Magnesium (2 valance electron)
* Aluminium (3 valance electron)
When the number of valance electrons of an atom is more than 4,
the material is usually a non-metal and an Insulator.
Examples:
* Nitrogen (5 valance electron)

* Sulphur (6 valance electron)
* Neon (8 valance electron)
When the number of valance electrons of an atom is 4,
the material has both metal and non-metal properties and
usually a Semiconductor.
Examples:
* Carbon (4 valance electron)

* Silicon (4 valance electron)
* Germanium (4 valance electron)
Free Electrons
The valance electrons which are very loosely
attached to the nucleus are known as free electrons.
 The valance electrons of different materials posses different

energies.
 The greater the energy of a valance electron, the lesser it is bound

to the nucleus.
 In certain substances, particularly metals, the valance electrons

posses so much energy that they are very loosely attached to the
nucleus. These loosely attached valance electrons move at random
within the material and are called free electrons.
(On the basis of Free Electron concept)
Bohr’s Atom Model
Energy Level
Energy Band
The range of energies possessed by an electron in a solid is known as energy band.
Energy Band
The range of energies possessed by an electron in a solid is known as energy band.
Important Energy bands in Solid
• Valance Band
• Conduction Band
• Energy Gap
Classification of Solid
(In terms of Energy Band)
Insulator Conductor Semiconductor

Semiconductor
Definition:
Bonds In Semiconductor
Bonding Diagram
Covalent bonds among Ge atom
Commonly Used Semiconductor
Germanium (Ge)
&
Silicon (Si)
Germanium Semiconductor
Silicon Semiconductor
Crystal
• What is Crystal?
– A substance in which the atoms or molecules are arranged in
an orderly pattern.
– Each atom is surrounded by neighboring atoms in a
repetitive manner.
• All Semiconductors have Crystalline Structure
Crystal Structure (Si & Ge)
Crystal Structure (Si & Ge)
For details, Please see the video from 13.30 s for details)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApqFLVd0XaI
Energy Band of Semiconductor
Effect of Temperature
on Semiconductor
At Absolute Zero Temperature

Effect of Temperature
on Semiconductor
Above Absolute Zero Temperature

Types of Semiconductor
• Intrinsic • Extrinsic
n-type semiconductor
P-type semiconductor
Current flow in n-type semiconductor
Concept of electron flow
Concept of electron flow
Direction of electron flow
Current flow in n-type semiconductor
P-type semiconductor
p-type semiconductor
Hole flow in p-type semiconductor
Concept of Hole Current
Hole Current
Hole flow
Electron flow
Hole Current
Electron Flow
Hole Flow
Hole Current
P-Type
Hole Current
Charge of
n-type and p-type semiconductor
n-type as well as p-type semiconductors are

electrically neutral
Majority Career
er
areC
ity
n or
Mi
Due to doping
Temperature effect
n-type
er
areC
ity
n or
Mi
Majority Career
Due to doping
Temperature effect
P-type
Majority & Minority Careers
PN JUNCTION
p-n Junction
P-Type N-Type
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Depletion Layer
Forward Bias
For details, see the video from 1.10 s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDalmLJr2_c
Reverse Bias
For details, see the video from 0.40 s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6Ctnl5RYD0
Volt-Ampere Characteristics
of p-n junction
Characteristics Curve
----- End ----
Sample questions on Semiconductor Physics
• What is Electronics? Mention some important applications of Electronics.
• What is semiconductor? Give its classification.
• Why is silicon preferred to germanium in the manufacture of semiconductor devices?
• Explain why semiconductor material shows negative temperature co efficient of resistance?
• What can you do to increase the conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor material?
• If a pure silicon crystal has 1 million free electrons inside it, how many holes does it have?
What happens to the number of free electrons and holes if the ambient temperature
increases?
• "N-type as well as P-type semiconductor is electrically neutral". Justify the statement.
• Why trivalent impurity is known as acceptor impurity and pentavalent impurity is known as
donor impurity ?
• At room temperature in an intrinsic Si material there is about one free electron for every 10 14
atoms. If the dosage level is 1 in 10 million, what is the ratio of increased carrier
concentration.
• What is a P-N junction? Explain the formation of depletion layer in a P-N junction.
• Draw the circuit diagram of a P-N junction under forward and reverse biasing.
• Explain diffusion capacitance of P-N junction diode.

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Electronics

Electronic Devices can covert a.c. power into d.c. power.

• Electronic devices used for automatic control:

• Electronic devices can convert d.c. into ac. of

• Example : Photo-electricity (Solar Cell)

 Metals with lower work function will require

 The commonly used materials for electron

• Gas Filled Tubes

Replaced with Semiconductor !!!

Materials are generally classified into 3 categories:

On the basis of valance electrons,

When the number of valance electrons of an atom is less than 4,

* Nitrogen (5 valance electron)

* Carbon (4 valance electron)

 The valance electrons of different materials posses different

 The greater the energy of a valance electron, the lesser it is bound

 In certain substances, particularly metals, the valance electrons

Insulator Conductor Semiconductor

At Absolute Zero Temperature

Above Absolute Zero Temperature

n-type as well as p-type semiconductors are

For details, see the video from 1.10 s

For details, see the video from 0.40 s

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