Water Resources Planning and Management

[WRE4204]

CHAPTER TWO

Water Resources
Utilization

Sissay Dechasa
July 2021
ASTU
Learning Objectives:

 Beable to understand and describe the water resources for

consumptive and non-consumptive uses
 Beable to distinguish and explain a single- and multi- purpose
water uses
 Be able to identify and describe water supply and demand
assessment
 What is
WRU??
Water Resources Utilization: Literal Definition
 Exploitation/
Use/ Consumption of water resources
for some intended purpose(s).
 Irrigation
 Uses of water include:  Domestic
 Hydropower
 Industrial
 Recreational
 Environmental
 etc.
Classification of Water Resources uses
 Consumptive Water Use:
 no water is returned to the water source from which it was
withdrawn.
 The available water to D/S users reduced.

 Non-consumptive water use:

 after use, the water is returned to the source for use by
others downstream.
 NO reduction.
 Basic Distinction: their effect on downstream water users.
 Classification Importance:- for assessing the quantity of water allocation &
Consumptive Use of Water
Vs
Non-Consumptive Use of Water
 #1. Definition of Consumptive Use

 Consumptive use:- part of water withdrawn that is evaporated,

transpired by plants, incorporated into products or crops,
consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from
the immediate water environment.

 Consumptive use: water withdrawn that is not directly returned

to its original source.
– Under this definition, surface water withdrawals are considered
consumptive if the water is not directly returned to the source so that it
is available for immediate further use.
#2. Examples of Consumptive Use Patterns
a) Consider a small municipality under a municipal withdrawal permit that
withdraws 1,750,000 lit/day for water supply from the Awash River. It
distributes those 1,750,000 liters to businesses and industry, homes and
apartments, etc. and the water is used in many different ways. Some of it
is used for household use (bathing, cooking, toilets, etc.), some of it is
used in manufacturing process, and after use, some of it is discharged
into the city sewers as waste. The city waste treatment facility collects this
waste (from the businesses and industry, the homes and apartments, etc.),
treats the waste and puts the treated wastewater back into the Awash. For
this example, 1,400,000 liter of wastewater is discharged. Thus, the
municipality’s use is ___% consumptive (350,000 lit/day) and ___% non-
consumptive.
#2. Examples of Consumptive Use Patterns

 Answer:

Consumptive Use: 20%

Non-consumptive Use: 80%
#2. Examples of Consumptive Use Patterns

b) Consider a farmer in the Lower Abay River Basin who withdraws

700,000 lit/day for irrigation from an Aquifer. He applies the water to his
crop and 140,000 lit/day is not used by the crop production
(evaporation, transpiration and other biological functions of plant growth)
but immerses into the ground. Over several days, maybe weeks, the
water travels downward into the Aquifer that lies 1 meter below the
surface. In this case, the farmer’s use of the water is ___% consumptive
(560,000 lit/day) and ___% non-consumptive.
Answer:
 Consumptive Use: 80%
 Non-consumptive Use: 20%
#3. The Effect of Consumptive Use
 Withdrawal and use of water can result in the water being
consumed in the process (like being absorbed into the body by a
human, animal or plant). When water use is consumptive, the
water is not returned to the water source and is no longer
available for use by anyone downstream.

 On the other hand, when water use is non-consumptive, water is

returned to the water source and is available for use by other
water users downstream. The water user may be another
person, an industry or business, a fish or another part of the
natural environment.
Example:
 IfWater User #1 makes non-consumptive use of the water and
returns all the water he has withdrawn; User #2 has used of all
the water withdrawn by User #1. If User #2 again makes non-
consumptive use, User #3 downstream can again make use of
all the water. An infinite number of such non-consumptive
users can make use of the water.
Hydropower Project: e.g., GERD
CU & NCU w.r.t Surface and Groundwater
 Consumptive Use of Surface and Groundwater
Causes diminishment of the source
 to make smaller or less in quantity, quality, and rate of flow, or availability

 Non-consumptive Water Use of Surface and Groundwater

 NCUSW: when there is no diversion from the water source or diminishment of the source.
 when water is diverted and returned immediately to the source at the point of diversion
following its use in the same quantity as diverted and meets water quality standards for
the source, the water use is classified as non-consumptive.
 Groundwater use is non-consumptive when there is no diminishment of the source.
Hence, the withdrawn water is injected or infiltrated immediately back to the aquifer.
Quiz
 Quiz – 3minutes
1. What are the two major classes of Water Resources uses?
(3%)

2. after use, when there is no water returned to the source for use
by others downstream, then we call it ______________.
(2%)
Answer:
1. Consumptive water use and non-consumptive water use
2. Consumptive water use
 Single- and Multi- Purpose Water uses
 Water resources development requires conception, planning, design,
construction and operation of various facilities for economical utilization
of water by adequate and effective planning.

 Water resources development projects are usually classified based on

the service they provide as: Single-purpose and multi-purpose

 A single-purpose approach: serves only one basic purpose

 A multiple-purpose approach: serves two or more purposes,
integrated, sustainable, can maximize the healthy benefits and
productive potential of available water supplies.
Ways of accommodating multiple uses of water
 Irrigation systems can be adapted by  Domestic water supply
 Releasing water for household uses and bathing systems can be adapted by
 Building or reviving community domestic-supply reservoirs  Increasing water discharge to allow
 Building steps in canal banks for laundry and bathing productive activities
 Adding pipes, canals and taps to bring water into houses  Providing water without interruptions
 Promoting low-cost, point-of-use treatment for drinking water  Adding cattle troughs to supply points
 Sinking shallow wells to tap cleaner ‘seepage’ water
 Adding storage tanks
 Adding access and crossing points to canals for cattle
 Adding micro-irrigation systems
 Maintaining flows to preserve fish populations
 Using different water sources depending
 Building fish-friendly structures in sluices and canals.
on quality needs
 Promoting reuse of household
“grey” (waste) water
Benefits of a multiple-purpose approach

Reducing poverty and improving livelihoods

Fighting hunger and surviving droughts
Improving health
Improving gender equity
Increasing system sustainability
Compatibility of Different Water Uses
 Ifthe requirements of water for different uses are compatible
with one another, effective water use will be made.

 Ifwe take Irrigation and Water Supply; both impose water

demands i.e., CU.

 Therefore, a project combining these functions must provide

a clear and separate allocation of storage space to each of
these potential functional uses.
Compatibility … cont’d
 Hydropower development: is not a consumptive use of water.
Any water released for the other purposes may be used for power.
a regulating pond (R) can be provided to smooth out the fluctuation
of power releases.
Hence, it is usually necessary to allocate a certain amount of storage
(Si) for power use.
 Flood mitigation:
requires empty storage space. Hence, the least compatible of all
uses.
 The storage for flood mitigation can be obtained by : Permanent allocation or
Seasonal allocation.
Water Supply and Demand Assessment

 EitherPopulation or command area and water needs are

necessary ingredients.

 Water Resource Needs

 Categories of water demand include public water uses
(domestic, commercial, industrial and public), rural (domestic,
livestock), irrigation and self-supplied industrial (cooling and
processing, thermo-electric and hydroelectric power).

 Water demands vary continuously and are expressed for annual,

monthly, daily, hourly, or other time periods.
 Water Resources Planning and
Management Issues Case Studies

Abay Basin
 (Nile?) basin It will be the
and largest
hydropower
its countries project in
Africa

One of the longest major Water Source:

rivers of the world, serving  Blue Nile (86%)
millions - 6,695km.  White Nile

located about 30km upstream

of the border with Sudan
Countries:
Burundi, DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania,
Rwanda, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan,
Kenya, Eritrea & Egypt
Source: Blue Nile GERD
Purpose: Power Projects along
Status: Under Construction (81%) the river
Capacity: 5,150 MW
 Egypt has zero contribution to
Nile River with 100% utilization,
But Ethiopia has 86% contribution
Treaties or with zero utilization.
Agreements:

 1929 – Anglo-Egyptian treaty

 1959 – Egypt (55.5BCM) and Sudan (18.5BCM) signed a bilateral agreement.
 1999 – Nile Basin Initiative: among all countries
 Objective: to achieve sustainable socioeconomic
development through the equitable utilization of, & benefit
from the common Nile Basin water.

 2010 – Common Framework Agreement: among all countries but Egypt had set precondition
 2015 – The Declaration of Principles on GERD signed by Ethiopia, Sudan
and Egypt.
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Design
 GERD Current Status – as of July 2021

 Overall progress – >81%

 Total volume of the reservoir – 74 BCM

 1st filling of reservoir (July 2020) – 4.90 BCM … completed

 2nd filling of the reservoir (Jul – Aug., 2021) – 13.50 BCM… started