Hancock PPT Chapter 03

Hancock
Eighth edition
Chapter 3
How We Adapt to Drugs—
Tolerance, Sensitization, and
Expectation
Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
•
3.1 Describe types of drug tolerance
•
3.2 Explain physiological, functional, and behavioral mechanisms of drug tolerance
•
3.3 Summarize theories of drug dependence and withdrawal
•
3.4 Compare the effects of classical and operant conditioning on drug tolerance and
withdrawal
•
3.5 Explain drug-induced and environmental sensitization
•
3.6 Summarize contextual influences on the perceived effects of drugs
Introduction: How We Adapt to Drugs—
Tolerance, Sensitization, and Expectation
• How do we define and describe tolerance?
• How does tolerance occur?
• What is withdrawal, dependency, and addiction?
• How does conditioning affect drug effects?
• What is sensitization?
• What is the placebo effect?
3.1: Tolerance
• 3.1: Describe types of drug tolerance
– What is tolerance?
▪Mithridatism
▪Definition
• 3.1.1: Acute Tolerance

– How is acute tolerance different from other forms of tolerance?
▪Single administration
▪Alcohol
Figure 3.1
An illustration of the time course for the level of a drug in the
blood (solid line) and an effect of that drug (dashed line).
3.2: Mechanisms of Tolerance (1 of 2)
• 3.2: Explain physiological, functional, and behavioral mechanisms of drug tolerance
• 3.2.1: Pharmacokinetic Tolerance

– Understanding metabolic tolerance
▪Pharmacokinetic tolerance
▪Enzyme inductions
• 3.2.2: Pharmacodynamic Tolerance

– Understanding physiological tolerance
▪Pharmacodynamic tolerance
– Homeostatic processes
▪Compensatory processes
3.2: Mechanisms of Tolerance (2 of 2)
• 3.2.3: Functional Disturbances
– How does the functioning of the organism affect tolerance?
▪ Significance to the animal.
▪ Effects on homeostasis
• 3.2.4: Behavioral Tolerance

– The effects of learning on tolerance
3.3: Withdrawal (1 of 2)
• 3.3: Summarize theories of drug dependence and withdrawal
– What is withdrawal?
▪Physiological changes
▪Cross dependence
– Withdrawal symptoms
▪Drug-specific
▪Time
• 3.3.1: Dependence
– What is the difference between dependence and addiction?
▪Definitions
▪Compulsive use
3.3: Withdrawal (2 of 2)
• 3.3.2: Opponent Process Theory
– What is the opponent process theory?
▪Solomon and Corbit (1974)
▪Hangovers and letdowns
Figure 3.2
The upper panel shows the effect of a single drug
administration on both the A (drug) process and the B
(opposing) process.
Figure 3.3
The upper panel shows the drug effect on both the A process
and the opposing B process after chronic administration of a
drug.
3.4: Conditioning of Drug Effects (1 of 2)
• 3.4: Compare the effects of classical and operant conditioning on drug tolerance and
withdrawal
– Conditioning and drug use
▪Classical
▪Operant
• 3.4.1: Classical Conditioning of Drug Effects

– How does classical conditioning affect drug effects?
▪Drug stimuli and responses
▪Compensatory processes
▪Drug tolerance
▪Withdrawal
Table 3.1
Experiment by Shepard Siegel Showing
Conditioned Tolerance to Morphine
Group Training Phase Test 1 Test 2
M-HP/M- Morphine Hot
Training Condition Saline Hot Plate
CAGE Plate
Rats were injected with
Hyperalgesia
morphine in the test No analgesia
M-HP (compensatory
room and tested on the indicating tolerance
response)
hot plate
Rats were injected with

morphine in the colony Analgesia indicating
M-CAGE Not Available
room but not tested on the no tolerance
hot plate
3.4: Conditioning of Drug Effects (2 of 2)
• 3.4.2: Operant Conditioning of Drug Effects
– How does operant conditioning affect drug effects?
▪Drug tolerance
▪Experimental examples
3.5: Sensitization
• 3.5: Explain drug-induced and environmental sensitization
– What is sensitization?
▪Reverse tolerance
▪Stereotyped behavior
– What conditions sensitization?
▪Environment
▪Operant conditioning
– How is sensitization different from tolerance?
▪Persistence
▪Cross sensitization
– The sensitization mechanism
▪Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
3.6: Expectancy and Context (1 of 3)
• 3.6.2: Brain Mechanisms Involved in the Placebo Effect
– The involved brain mechanisms in the placebo effect
▪Brain locations
▪The endogenous opioid system
• 3.6.3: The Placebo Effect in Medical Treatment

– How can the placebo effect work with medical treatments?
▪Acupuncture
▪Anxiety
▪High medical potential
• 3.6.4: The Nocebo Effect

– What is the nocebo effect?
▪Adverse side effects
▪Drug specific
• 3.6.5: Self-Administration
– Does how a drug is administered impact its effects?
▪Self-administration
▪Levers
• 3.6.6: Novel Environments

– How does a novel environment affect drug effects?
▪Locomotor stimulation
▪Sensitization
Summary: How We Adapt to Drugs—
Tolerance, Sensitization, and Expectation
– The types of tolerance
– The physiological, functional, and behavioral mechanisms of drug tolerance
– Theories of drug dependence and withdrawal
– The effects of classical and operant conditioning on drug tolerance and withdrawal
– Drug-induced and environmental sensitization
– The contextual influences on the perceived effects of drugs

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• How does tolerance occur?

• What is withdrawal, dependency, and addiction?

• How does conditioning affect drug effects?

• What is the placebo effect?

• 3.1.1: Acute Tolerance

• 3.2.1: Pharmacokinetic Tolerance

• 3.2.2: Pharmacodynamic Tolerance

• 3.2.4: Behavioral Tolerance

• 3.4.1: Classical Conditioning of Drug Effects

Rats were injected with

• 3.6.3: The Placebo Effect in Medical Treatment

• 3.6.4: The Nocebo Effect

• 3.6.6: Novel Environments

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