Learn about It!

Learn about It!

Your body is like a busy city. A city has homes, stores,

streets, a power station, waste management, and
much more. Like a city, your body has different
systems that work together to keep you alive. All the
systems are working all the time, and they all need to
remain healthy to do their jobs.
Learn about It!

The Skeletal
System
The bones of your skeletal system support
the rest of your body. Like the steel beams
inside the walls of buildings, they provide
support for all the other systems. Bones
also protect organs and play an important
role in your body’s movement.
 Learn about It!

The Excretory
System
Your body makes many
waste products as you
breathe air and digest foods
and liquids. The excretory
system gets rid of the things
your body does not need.
Kidney filter out waste
chemicals and collect them.
 Learn about It!

The Muscular
System
The muscular
system, along with
the skeletal system,
allows your body to
move. Your muscles
can contract or
relax.
 Learn about It!

The Digestive
System
Your digestive
system breaks
down food so your
body’s cells can
use it to make
energy.
 Learn about It!

The Nervous
System
Your brain is the
headquarters of your
nervous system. It
controls nearly
everything you do,
including thinking,
speaking, feeling, and
most movements.
 Learn about It!

The Circulatory
System
This is the process of
moving blood along the
path it travels in your
body.Heart-Lungs-Heart-
Arteries.
 Learn about It!

The Respiratory
System

Your respiratory
system is in charge
of your breathing.
 Learn about It!

The Resproductive
System
The human reproductive
system functions
to produce human
offspring, with the
male providing sperm
and the female
providing the ovum.
Learn about It!

Match the Characteristics

This activity will allow students to do an activity that will make
them match
reproductive systems to their characteristics.
List of words
○ testes ○ ovaries
○ estrogen ○ testosterone
○ uterus ○ eggs
○ sperm ○ menstruation
HORMONES IN HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
 Explain the role of
hormones involved in the
1 female and male
reproductive systems.
Objective
Describe the anatomy of
At the end 2 the male and female
of the reproductive systems.
lesson, you
should be
Explain the roles of
able to:
hormones involved in the
3 male and female
reproductive systems.
The Male Reproductive
System
 Learn about It!

HUMAN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

The male and female reproductive systems
are regulated by hormones and hormonal
interaction. In order to reproduce, hormonal
changes happen in the body. These hormones
pass through the endocrine glands, into blood
circulation, and target the organs involved in
the reproductive system.
 Learn about It!

Leonardo da Vinci
did many drawings
and studies of the
human body in the
1400s,such as this
one called the “
Vitruvian Man”.
The male reproductive system is specialized for
the production of sperm cells and their
deposition into the female reproductive tract.
In human males, the reproductive system is
mostly outside. The parts outside include the
penis, scrotum, and testicles
 Learn about it!

The Male Reproductive System

The penis is the male organ for
sexual reproduction and
urination. It reaches its full size
during puberty. Its root is
attached to the wall of the
abdomen, while its tube-shaped
body or shaft are comprised of
erectile tissues.
 Learn about it!

The Male Reproductive System

The erectile tissues fill

with blood during sexual
arousal. This causes
the penis to become
erect and rigid, and
prepared for coitus.
 Learn about it!

The Male Reproductive System

● The production, development, and maturation of
sperm cells happens within the male reproductive
system.

● The primary sex hormone of male animals is known

as testosterone, and it is produced by the testes.

● Another function of the male reproductive system of

humans is to safely and properly deposit the sperm
cells into the female.
 The male reproductive system has a series of
structures that serve to perform these functions
efficiently.
 Learn about it!

The Male Reproductive System

The Glans Penis,

which is uncircumcised
males is partially
covered by the foreskin
or prepuce, is at the
head of the penis.
 Learn about it!

The Male Reproductive System

The Urethra, is the tip of

the glans penis. When
the penis is erect, urine
will not be able to come
out of the urethra as only
semen will be ejaculated
from the body.
 Learn about it!

Scrotum- located behind

the penis. It is loose and
pouch-like, and it hold the
testicles/testes inside it.
● The scrotum is a
bag of skin that
contains the testes.
● It is a reproductive
structure that is
located under the The scrotum
penis.
 Learn about it!

Scrotum
● Within the scrotum are
muscles known as the
dartos and cremaster
muscles.

● These play important

roles in maintaining the
temperature of the
scrotum. The scrotum
 Learn about it!

Testes
● Each male reproductive
system has two testes.
● Their function is to
produce male sex cells
called sperm cells.
● The sperm cells develop
Seminiferous tubule
inside the seminiferous
tubules.
 Learn about it!

Epididymis
● Mature sperm are later on
stored in a tube beside the
testes known as the
epididymis.

● The sperm cells are stored

until they are released from
the body through a process
known as ejaculation. The male reproductive system
 Learn about it!

Vas Deferens and Urethra

● During ejaculation, sperm
moves from the epididymis,
into a tube called the vas
deferens, into another
tube known as the
urethra, and out of the
body.

The male reproductive system

 Learn about it!

Vasectomy
● The process of vasectomy is
a method of birth control that
deals with cutting or blocking
the tube of the vas deferens.

● This prevents sperm cells

from being transported out of
the body.
Vasectomy
 Learn about it!

Penis
● The penis is the external
part of the male reproductive
system.

● It is a tube-shaped organ that

contains the urethra, which
allows it to pass the urine
and semen out of the body.
The male reproductive system
 Learn about it!

Circumcision
● Many cultures practice a
medical process known as
circumcision.

● This process involves the

partial or complete
removal of the prepuce in
Circumcision
order to expose the glans
penis.
 Learn about it!

Accessory Glands
● The male reproductive system also has a series of
organs known as the accessory glands.

● These glands secrete substances that aid in the

nourishment of sperm and contribute to higher
chances of fertilization.

● Examples of these are the seminal glands,

bulbourethral glands, and the prostate glands.
 Learn about it!

Seminal Vesicles

Attached to the Vas

Deferens are the seminal
vesicles, small pouches
that make seminal fluid,
which nourishes and helps
sperm travel.
 Learn about it!

Prostate Gland
The prostate gland is located
just below the bladder in men
and surrounds the top portion of
the tube that drains urine from
the bladder (urethra). The
prostate's primary function is
to produce the fluid that
nourishes and transports
sperm (seminal fluid).
 Learn about it!

Prostate Gland
The prostate gland is located
just below the bladder in men
and surrounds the top portion of
the tube that drains urine from
the bladder (urethra). The
prostate's primary function is
to produce the fluid that
nourishes and transports
sperm (seminal fluid).
 Learn about it!

Semen

Semen is the fluid that

carries sperms. Semen is
ejaculated from the penis at
the time of male orgasm.
 Learn about it!

Sperm
Sperm are male reproductive cells
that carry the genetic
characteristics from the father to
the child. Sperms are formed in the
pair of the testis. The sperms are
microscopic and motile cells. The
function of Sperm is to move and
carry genetic information to the
egg.
Learn about it!

What is difference between

semen and sperm?
 Learn about it!

Bulbourethral Glands
Also called Cowper's Gland, either of
two pea-shaped glands in the male,
located beneath the prostate gland
at the beginning of the internal
portion of the penis; produce clear
fluid that helps lubricate and
neutralizes the acidity of urine that
are left in the urethra.
 Check Your Understanding

Write the word true if the given statement is

correct, otherwise, write the word false.
1. Males have a significant amount of estrogen.
2. The exit point for urine and sperm are different.
3. Prostate fluid neutralizes acidity.
4. The scrotum is an internal organ.
Challenge Yourself

What is the fluid with the sperm for?

 Learn about It!

The Path of Sperm

This is an activity that will allow
students to recall the parts of the
components of the male
reproductive system
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 Identify the following:
______15. the tip of the glans penis.
______16.produce clear fluid that helps lubricate
and neutralizes the acidity of urine that are left
in the urethra.
______17-18. play important roles in maintaining
the temperature of the scrotum.
______19. tube that drains urine from the bladder.
______20. This process involves the partial or
complete removal of the prepuce in order to
expose the glans penis.
 Identify the following:
______21. It is a tube-shaped organ that contains
the urethra, which allows it to pass the urine
and semen out of the body.
______22. primary sex hormone of male
______23. This system sends messages back and
forth between the brain and the body.
______24. organ system that gets rid of the
things your body does not need.
______25. commonly called the voice box, the
passageway for air between the pharynx above
and the trachea.
 Identify the following:
Prepuce/Foreskin15. the tip of the glans penis.

Bulbourethral Glands16.produce clear fluid that

helps lubricate and neutralizes the acidity of
urine that are left in the urethra.
Dartos and cremaster muscles17-18. play
important roles in maintaining the temperature
of the scrotum.
Prostate Gland19. tube that drains urine from
the bladder.
Circumcision20. This process involves the partial
 Identify the following:
Penis21. It is a tube-shaped organ that contains
the urethra, which allows it to pass the urine
and semen out of the body.
Testosterone22. primary sex hormone of male
Nervous System23. This system sends messages
back and forth between the brain and the body.
Excretory System24. organ system that gets rid
of the things your body does not need.
Larynx25. commonly called the voice box, the
passageway for air between the pharynx above
and the trachea.
The Female
Reproductive System
 The human female reproductive system has
several functions, some of which are for egg cell
production, fertilization, and development of the
zygote into a new organism.
 Learn about it!

The Female Reproductive

System
● The female reproductive system is responsible for the
nourishment and development of the female
gametes.

● The female reproductive system is responsible for

maintaining the necessary conditions for fertilization
to occur.

● The female reproductive system produces different

hormones that are used for signaling.
The female reproductive system can be divided
into the internal and the external parts.
 Learn about it!

Internal: Vagina
● The vagina is an elastic,
muscular canal that connects
the external reproductive
system to the cervix.

● The vagina is naturally

moderately acidic for
protection.

Acidity of the vagina

 Learn about it!

Internal: Vagina
● Allow menstrual low,
reproduction, and birth.

● The vagina is the canal

leading from the external
genitals to the cervix of the
uterus.

Acidity of the vagina

 Learn about it!

Internal: Cervix
● At the lower portion of
the uterus is the
cervix, a muscle that
holds the fetus during
pregnancy, it connects
the uterus to the
vagina.
● The cervix expands The female reproductive
once the baby is ready system
to be born.
 Learn about it!

Internal: Cervix
● The cervix contains cervical
mucus, which facilitates the
transport and nourishment
of sperm to aid in
fertilization.

● It can also be used as an Cervical mucus

indicator of a woman’s
fertility.
 Learn about it!

Internal: Uterus
● The uterus is a hollow,
pear-shaped muscular
organ that lies between
the urinary bladder and
the rectum.
● It has a very soft lining
that holds the fertilized The uterus
egg and nurtures it until
it becomes a fetus.
 Learn about it!

Internal: Uterus
● The uterine wall has
three distinct layers:
the perimetrium, the
myometrium, and the
endometrium.

● The endometrium is The uterus

the layer that is shed
off during
menstruation.
 Learn about it!

Internal: Fallopian Tubes

● The fallopian tubes also
known as oviducts
connect the ovaries to the
uterus.

● Their primary function is to

transport the egg cells to
the uterus. The female reproductive
system
 Learn about it!

Internal: Ovaries
● The ovary is the
female gonad that
contains the egg
cells.
● Primary female
reproductive organ
● It produces female
sex hormones, The female reproductive
system
estrogen, and
progesterone.
 Learn about it!

External: Labia
● Labia majora encloses and
protects all the external
reproductive organs.

● Labia minora surrounds

the openings of the vagina
and urethra.
External reproductive system
 Learn about it!

External: Mons Pubis and Clitoris

● The clitoris is a small,
sensitive protrusion at which
the two labia minora meet.

● The mons pubis, also

known as the mons, is a
layer of fat that covers part
of the pubic bones. External reproductive system
 Learn about it!

External: Bartholin
Glands
● It is the two small
alveolar glands on the
left and right of the
opening of the vagina
secrete liquid for
lubrication. The moisture
thus makes it easier for
the penis to enter during
sexual intercourse.
 Challenge Yourself

What is the significance of the function of

the labia minora?
The Roles of
Hormones Involved in
the Female
Reproductive System
 Learn about it!

The Endocrine System

● The endocrine system is a collection
of ductless glands scattered around
the body.

○ It controls various activities of

different organs, such as growth
and response to stress.

● Endocrinology is science that studies

this system.
The organs of the
endocrine system
 Learn about it!

The Endocrine System

● The endocrine glands are not
directly connected to each other.

● A hormone (hormon = to excite or

to get moving) is a chemical
messenger that is released into
the bloodstream and exerts its
effect in many areas of the body.
The organs of the
endocrine system
 Learn about it!

The Endocrine Glands

● A gland is an organ that
produces and releases
chemical substances that
perform specific functions in
the body.

● Two structural types:

○ Exocrine glands
○ Endocrine glands
Types of glands
 Learn about it!

The Endocrine Glands

● Types of Glands:

○ Exocrine glands secrete

their chemical products
through ducts or tubes.

■ sweat glands
■ oil glands
■ mucous glands The structure of an exocrine gland
■ digestive glands
 Learn about it!

The Endocrine Glands

● Types of Glands:

○ Endocrine glands secrete

their hormones into the
interstitial fluid.

■ The interstitial fluid

(extracellular fluid)
surrounds the cells of
the body.
The structure of an endocrine gland
 Learn about It!

Functions of the Endocrine System

● The endocrine system exerts a
wide range of effects
throughout the body.
1. Regulation of nutrient
metabolism and water
and electrolyte
balance.

2. Promotion of smooth, Vasopressin increases the rate of

sequential growth and water reabsorption in the kidneys.
 Learn about It!

Functions of the Endocrine System

● The endocrine system exerts a
wide range of effects
throughout the body.
3. Stimulation of adaptive
changes that aid the
body in coping with
stress. Epinephrine and
norepinephrine are hormones
4. Control of reproduction that contribute to stress
and reproductive cycles. adaptation.
 Learn about It!

Functions of the Endocrine System

● The endocrine system exerts a
wide range of effects
throughout the body.
5. Regulation of blood cell
production.

6. Control and regulation of

the activities of both the Erythropoietin from the
kidneys targets the bone
circulatory and marrow for red blood cell
digestive systems. production.
The process of gametogenesis in females is
known as oogenesis.
 Learn about it!

Oogenesis
● Oogenesis involves the
development of a mature
ovum from an oogonium,
and it happens in the female
reproductive system.

● Specifically, oogenesis
happens in the ovaries.
The female reproductive
system
 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in
Females
● The main hormones
associated with oogenesis
are follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH), luteinizing
hormone (LH), estrogen, and
progesterone.

Hormonal control
 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in
Females
● During childhood follicles, or
small fluid-filled sacs found
in the ovaries.
● When girl reaches the age of
puberty, her pituitary gland
secretes hormones. Her
ovaries begin to produce the
female sex hormones-
estrogen.
Hormonal control
 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in
Females
● Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) causes the
release of the hormones FSH
and LH from the anterior
pituitary gland.

Hormonal control
 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in
Females
● FSH stimulates the
development of egg cells,
which develop in structures
called follicles.

● Estrogen is the primary

female sex hormone. It is
responsible for the
development of breasts,
Hormonal control
uterus, and vagina.
 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in
Females
● Progesterone is known as
the pregnancy maintainer.
During pregnancy, high
levels of progesterone keep
the endometrium (uterus
lining) intact.
● Produces by Corpus Luteum
 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in
Females
● Enough estrogen in the blood induces one follicle to
absorb liquid rapidly, expand, rupture, and release
an ovum (mature egg cell). This process is called
OVULATION.
● Ovulation is the process in which a mature
egg is released from the ovary. After it's
released, the egg moves down the fallopian tube
and stays there for 12 to 24 hours, where it can
be fertilized.
The Roles of
Hormones in the Male
Reproductive System
 Spermatogenesis is the process of
gametogenesis that occurs in males.
Gametogenesis involves the production and
development of gametes or sex cells.
 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in Males

● Puberty in males is controlled
by the following hormones:
○ follicle-stimulating-hormone
(FSH)
○ luteinizing hormone (LH)

The anterior pituitary

 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in Males

● follicle-stimulating-hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH) are released in
response to another
hormone, gonadotropin-
releasing hormone
(GnRH).

The anterior pituitary

 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in Males

● FSH goes into the testes
and stimulates the Sertoli
cells for spermatogenesis.

● LH enters the testes and

stimulates the interstitial
cells to produce and
release testosterone into
the testes and the blood.
The anterior pituitary
 Learn about it!

Hormonal Control in Males

● Testosterone is the
primary male sex
hormone.
○ It is responsible for
the secondary sex
characteristics that
develop in the male
during adolescence. Testosterone
 Learn about it!

The Process of Regulation: Negative

Feedback
● Negative feedback occurs
when the body acts to
reverse a change that is
sensed.

● The Sertoli cells produce

inhibin, a hormone that is
released into the blood when
the sperm count is high.
Feedback mechanisms
 Learn about it!

The Process of Regulation: Negative

Feedback
● The secretion of inhibin
inhibits the release of
GnRH and FSH, which
causes spermatogenesis
to slow down.

Feedback mechanisms
 Learn about it!

The Process of Regulation: Positive

Feedback
● Positive feedback occurs
when the body amplifies an
effect which results in further
amplification.

Feedback mechanisms
 Learn about it!

The Process of Regulation: Positive

Feedback
● LH causes the Leydig cells of
the testes to produce more
testosterone.

● The release of testosterone

affects the gonads and the
other parts of the body.

Feedback mechanisms
 Learn about it!

The Process of Regulation: Positive

Feedback
● FSH stimulates the Sertoli
cells to stimulate
spermatogenesis through the
release of other male
hormones

Feedback mechanisms
 Challenge Yourself

Why is negative feedback important in

the male reproductive system?
Learn about It!
 Check Your Understanding

Reflection:
• The learners in their notebook,will write their personal
insights about the lesson using the prompts below.

• I understand that_________________
• I realize that______________________
Check Your Understanding