Grammar

pronouns
Present simple
Present continuous
Pronouns
1. I want the book
2. The book is mine. It is not yours
3. They helped us
4. Us helps they*
5. She likes her
6. Her knows I*
 Subject Possessive Possessive
Object pronouns
pronouns adjectives pronouns
I me my mine

you you your yours

he him his his

she her her hers

it it its

we us our ours

you you your yours

they them their theirs

Articles

NUMBER INDEFINITE DEFINITE

Singular a / an the

Plural Nothing the

Non-Count Nothing the

Indifinite article

1. We use the indefinite article, a/an, with

count nouns when the hearer/reader
does not know exactly which one we are
referring to:
Police are searching for a 14 year-old girl.
2. We also use it to show the person or
thing is one of a group:
She is a pupil at London Road School.
3. We do not use an indefinite article with
plural nouns and uncountable nouns:
She was wearing blue shoes. (= plural noun)
She has short blonde hair. (= uncount noun)

4. We use a/an to say what someone is or

what job they do:
My brother is a doctor.
George is a student.
5. We use a/an with a singular noun to say
something about all things of that kind:
A man needs friends. (= All men need
friends)
A dog likes to eat meat. (= All dogs like to
eat meat)
Definite article

The definite article the is the most frequent

word in English.
We use the definite article in front of a noun
when we believe the hearer/reader knows
exactly what we are referring to.
• because there is only one:
The Pope is visiting Russia.
The moon is very bright tonight.
The Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979.
This is why we use the definite article with a
superlative adjective:
He is the tallest boy in the class.
It is the oldest building in the town.
• because there is only one in that place or in those
surroundings:

 We live in a small village next to the church.=(the

church in our village)
 Look at the boy in the blue shirt over there. =(the
boy I am pointing at)

• because we have already mentioned it:

 A woman who fell 10 metres from High Peak was

lifted to safety by a helicopter. The woman fell while
climbing.

 We also use the definite article:

• to say something about all the things
referred to by a noun:

The kangaroo is found only in Australia (=

Kangaroos are found only in Australia)
The heart pumps blood around the body. (=
Hearts pump blood around bodies)

We use the definite article in this way to talk

about musical instruments:
Joe plays the piano really well.(= Joe can
play any piano)
She is learning the guitar.(= She is learning
to play any guitar)
• to refer to a system or service:
How long does it take on the train?
I heard it on the radio.
You should tell the police.
• With adjectives like rich, poor, elderly,
unemployed to talk about groups of
people:
Life can be very hard for the poor.
I think the rich should pay more taxes.
She works for a group to help the
disabled.
The definite article with names:
We do not normally use the definite article
with names:
William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
Paris is the capital of France.
Iran is in Asia.
But we do use the definite article with:
• countries whose names include words like
kingdom, states or republic:
the United Kingdom; the Kingdom of Nepal;
the United States; the People’s Republic of
China.
• countries which have plural nouns as
their names:
the Netherlands; the Philippines

• geographical features, such as mountain

ranges, groups of islands, rivers, seas,
oceans and canals:
the Himalayas; the Canaries; the Atlantic; the
Atlantic Ocean; the Amazon; the Panama
Canal.
• newspapers:
The Times; The Washington Post

• well known buildings or works of art:

the Empire State Building; the Taj Mahal; the
Mona Lisa; the Sunflowers
• organisations:
the United Nations; the Seamen’s Union

• hotels, pubs and restaurants*:

the Ritz; the Ritz Hotel; the King’s Head; the
Déjà Vu

*Note: We do not use the definite article if

the name of the hotel or restaurant is the
name of the owner, e.g.,Brown’s; Brown’s
Hotel; Morel’s; Morel’s Restaurant, etc.
• families:
the Obamas; the Jacksons
The Simple Present

The simple present is used for

regular actions, facts and habits.

1. For repeated or regular actions

a. I take the bus to university.
b. The train to Fes leaves every ten
minutes
2. For facts
a. The President of the U.S lives in the White
House.
b. The sun rises from the east.

3. For habits
c. I wash my hands before I eat.
d. We travel to Casablanca every weekend.
Note:
go→goes; catch→catches; wash→washes;
passe→passes; buzz→buzzes marry→marries;
worry→worries; study→studies
say→says; enjoy→enjoys; play→plays

Negative:
 She doesn’t play chess.
 We don’t have time for a rest.
 They don’t like music.
 It doesn’t matter.
 Exercises
 A/ Put the verb into the correct tense form:

1. Adam is very weak at languages. He

(speak)............................. only French and Arabic.
2. My uncle and I (live)………………………in Azemour.
3. Laura (not/like)…………………………..cheese.
4. We (have)……………………………..lunch at 2:00
p.m.
5. You (sing)…………………………well.
6. (you/play)……………………..tennis?
7. (Camal/drive)………………………?
8. (cats/eat)………………………bread?
Exercise
 B) Write short sentences:
 Example: (Chris, 9, student, short, not Chinese)
 …..Chris is nine years old. He is a student. He is
short. He isn’t Chinese…….. .

1. (Leonard and Mike, 25, firemen, tall, American)

………………………………….…………………………
2. (Patty and Brian, 12, not electrician, short, not Turkish
children)
……………………………………………………………
3. (Natalie and I, nurse, not tall, French)
……………………………………………………………
4. (Mark, 19, accountant, short, British)
……………………………………………………………
5. (Cengiz, 23, lieutenant, not blonde, Turkish)
……………………………………………………………
C/Build up questions and give answers:

Example:
engineer / William Is William an engineer? Yes,
he is an engineer. (+)

1. good rider / Steve …………………….…… ? ….

…………….…………(+)
2. lazy students / Mark and Lucy …………………………..?
…………………..………(- )
3. soup / hot ……..………………….…?
……......…………………(+)
4. the baby / asleep ……………………………?
………………..………... (- )
5. basketball team / L.A. Lakers ………………………?...
………………………...(+)
The Present Continuous

The present continuous is used for actions

happening now or round now. It consists of an
auxiliary ‘be’ + a verb + ing.

A/ examples

1. die Her aunt is dying.

2. carry The waiter is carrying a meal.
3. show Are you showing us your best
cars?
4. plan They aren’t planning to go to
the market as far as I know.
 Exercise
 B/ Fill in the following sentences with the present
continuous form

1. He ____________________(look) for us on now.

2. Wait! I think your phone______________________(ring).
3. I see that you_____________________(wear) your new suit
today.
4. The boys___________(make) a lot of noise. Please let them be
quiet.
5. Maryem ______________(not work) in her office today.
6. My parents_________________(go to a concert tonight.
7. _______the pupils____________(decorate the room at the
moment?
8. You________________(not take) a shower right now.
9. They______________(have) sales in all the big stores now.
10. Look! It________________(rain)
Exercise
C/Complete the passages with the appropriate form of the
verbs:

It is the beginning of autumn. I can see through the window that it

____________ (snow). The wind ____________ (blow) and some leaves

____________ (fall). My brothers____________ (watch) TV, and they

____________ (talk) about the weather. It seems that the summer is

over and there is nothing to look forward to. A small cat

outside____________ (jump) and ____________ (purr) happily. I guess

he____________ (look) for shelter. I think that the best thing about

autumn and winter is that spring and summer are soon to follow.
 C/Fill in the blanks with PRESENT CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE PRESENT:

 The children ………………………….. (play) outside now.

 She usually ………………………. (read) the newspaper in the
morning.
 I …………………………… (do) my homework now.
 I ………………………… (eat) my dinner now.
 ……………………………. (you / want) a pizza?
 They …………………………….. (watch) TV now.
 I ……………………………. (not / like) spaghetti.
 The baby …………………………. (sleep) now.
 My mother usually …………………. (cook) dinner in the evening.
 He …………………….. (write) a letter to his pen-friend every month.
 She ………………………. (not / like) football.
 Mary ………………………….. (listen) to music now.
 Tom usually ……………………(drink) coffee, but he ………………….
(drink) tea now.
 We ………………………. (go) to the disco tonight.
 ………………………… (he / go) to work by bus everyday.
The Simple Past
We use the past simple to talk about a
finished action in the past.

e.g Martin went to the nightclub last week.

 A) Fill in the blanks with a verb from the box in the
SIMPLE PAST:
break swim have make write
spend buy drink lose wash

• She ………………….. a cake an hour ago.

He ………………….. a coat last week.
The man ………………….. an email yesterday.
We ……………………. in the sea for an hour.
They ………………….. a lot of tea last night.
She ………………… her leg two minutes ago.
He ……………………. all his money when he was
driving to New York.
She …………………… a bath two minutes ago.
He ……………………. his wallet last night.
She ………………….. the clothes yesterday.
 B/ Complete the man’s statement with
the PAST SIMPLE form of the verbs in
brackets:
Yesterday, I ……………… (go) to the nightclub of
Rock-store. I …………….. (leave) it at about 11
o’clock. It …………….. (be) a rainy evening and I
……………….. (decide) to take a taxi.
Suddenly, I ………………… (hear) a noise. I
……………….. (turn) and ……………… (see) three
girls aged about eighteen. One girl ………………
(come) up to me and ……………….. (ask) me the
time. When I ………………. (look) down at my
watch, she ……………… (hit) me and I
……………… (fall) to the ground. Her friend
………………. (take) my wallet, and they
………………(run) away.
The Past Continuous

We use the past continuous to talk about:

 an action which was in progress at a particular time in the

past.

They were revising their lessons at ten o’clock last

night.

 an action in the past that is interrupted by another action.

I was walking along the street when someone called

me.

 two actions in progress in the past.

While I was watching TV, my brother was listening to

music.
 A) Fill in the blanks with a correct form of the
verbs:
 Aline (hurt)…………………… herself while she (cut)
………………………potatoes.
 I (meet)……………………..my friend while I (go)
………………………back home.
 Sara (see)……………….. a friend while she (ride)
……………………her bicycle along Park St.
 Peter (fall)…………………. asleep while he (read)
………………………… a novel.
 Sam (step)……………………… on Janet’s feet while they
(dance)…………………………………. together.
 I (cut)…………………….. myself while I (shave)
…………………………………….
 Mr. Brown and his wife (burn)…………………. themselves
while they (bake)………………………….. cookies.
B/ Choose the correct tenses.

It was one o’clock in the morning and I 1

was lying / lay awake in bed. The wind 2

was blowing / blew outside and it 3
rained / was raining. Suddenly I 4 heard /
was hearing a loud crash. It 5 came / was
coming from downstairs. I 6 got up / was
getting up and 7 switched on / was
switching on the light. Everything was
quiet and still. Only the clock in the hallway
8
was ticking / ticked. I 9 walked / was
walking down the stairs when I 10
noticed / was noticing something
strange. The front door was wide open.
The Present Perfect

The present perfect consists of the

following forms

have (for plural subjects, you, and I) +

past participle
has (for singular subjects) + past
participle

e.g., I have seen; The cat has gone; They

have travelled; The boy has played
 The present perfect is used for these
reasons:
 1. To talk about an unfinished action:

- I have worked in this factory for 5 years. (...I'm still here)

- She has known him for a long time. (...she still knows him)
- He has had his home since 1987. (...he still has it)

 2. When the time period is not mentioned/indefinite past:

- He has called you again. (I can't tell you when.)

- I’ve seen your friend. (I don't remember the date I saw
him.)
- Have you tasted French food before? (You don't know
when or even if.)
 3. We use the present perfect with certain expressions:

never We’ve never seen him.

ever Has he ever tried this course?

lately How has your mother been lately?

recently What movies have you watched recently?

already I’ve already finished the first test.

yet Have you prepared the dish yet?

so far He hasn’t exercised very much so far.

up until now Up until now, we haven’t received
any letter from him.
4. When the time is recent

Your dad has just finished his job.

Exercises:

Select the best answer

 1. Have you ever .......... to Paris? (went/go/been)
 3. I’ve just .......... back from there. (came/gone/come)
 4. and I’ve .......... at least six weeks there in the last
year. (past/passed/spent)
 5. Have you ..........to the Champs elesi?
(go/gone/visited/flown)
 6. No, I .......... yet. (hasn’t/haven’t/don’t/won’t)
 7. My uncle has already.....……..his work.
(finishes/finished/finishing)
 8. My aunt hasn’t ......................her meal yet.
(had/has/take)
B) Fill in the blanks with ALREADY or YET:
 He hasn’t called us ……………………………… .
 They have ………………………………… sent the letter.
 John has ……………………………… bought the tickets for the
football match.
 We have ……………………………….. been to Mexico three times.
 You haven’t visited Tokyo ………………………………… .
 Has John bought a new car ………………………………….. ?
 The plane has …………………………… left.
 Has she done it …………………………….. ? No, not
………………………….
 A: Haven’t they arrived ………………………………. ?
 B: Oh, yes. They have ………………………………… arrived.
 Hurry up! The class has ……………………………… started.
 Be careful! They have ………………………………… painted the
door.
 Haven’t you read the book ………………………………. ?
 C) Follow the example and do the same using JUST:
 Example: he / go out
 What has he JUST done?
 He has JUST gone out.
 She / leave the room
 …………………………………………………………………………
 they / watch the news
 …………………………………………………………………………
 I / finish homework
 …………………………………………………………………………
 he / put on the jacket
 ………………………………………………………………………………
 she / catch a fish
 …………………………………………………………………………
 he / call a taxi
 ……………………………………………………………
Present perfect continuous
 Form: has/have+been+verb+ing.

 We use the present perfect continuous in these cases:

1- to put the emphasis on the duration of time or
course of an action (not the result).
 she has been sleeping for four hours.

2- for action that recently stopped or is still going on.

 We have been living here for ten years.

3- finished action that influenced the present.

 I have been running all day. I am tired.

Signal words of present perfect continuous:

All day, for four years, since 1998, how long? The whole week.
 A) Use PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE to fill in the blanks:

 I’m tired, because I …… have been working ………. (work) very hard.
 He ………………………………………… (write) letters all morning.
 Catherina is getting fatter because she …………………………………… (eat)
too much.
 My mother ………………………………………….. (peel) the potatoes all
afternoon.
 Cathy …………………………………………… (attend) a cookery course since
March.
 How long …………… you ………………………………………….. (learn) English?
 Where are my eye-glasses? I …………………………………………….. (look)
for them for an hour.
 Charles ………………………………………………. (escape) from the police for
years.
 How long …………… you ………………………………………… (use) a
computer?
 Elizabeth ………………………………………….. (live) with Mike for three
years.
 She ………………………………………………. (earn) quite a lot of money for
the last two years.
B) Use PRESENT PERFECT TENSE or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 to fill in the blanks:

 I’ve bought / have been buying a new pair of shoes.
 Have you finished / Have you been finishing reading that
book yet?
 They’ve eaten / have been eating fruit all afternoon, ever
since they came from school.
 I’ve been reading / have read this book now, so you can have
it back.
 I’ve been writing / have written eight pages already.
 Your exam paper is completely blank! What have you been
doing / have you done?
 Oh, no! There’s nothing to eat. My sister has been eating / has
eaten everything I left in the kitchen.
 Oh, no! There’s no juice to drink. They have drunk / have been
drinking all the wine.
 No wonder your eyes hurt. You’ve been playing / have played
computer games ever since you had your breakfast.
 I haven’t seen / haven’t been seeing you for ages.
 B) Use PRESENT PERFECT TENSE or
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS to
fill in the blanks:
I’m trying to study. I …………………………………………….. (try) to study
for the last hour, but something always seems to interrupt me. I think
I’d better go to the library.
 The children are playing basketball right now. They
……………………………………… (play) for almost two hours. They must
be getting tired.
 The telephone …………………………………………… (ring) four times in
the last hour, and each time it has been for my roommate.
 The telephone …………………………………………… (ring) for almost a
minute. Why doesn’t someone answer it?
 It ……………………………………………….. (rain) all day. I wonder when it
will stop.
 We ………………………………………… (have) three accidents so far this
week. I wonder how many more we will have if you keep using the
tools carelessly.
 We ……………………………………………………. (live) here since last June.
 My little son is dirty from head to foot because he
……………………………………… (play) in the mud.
Future simple
Simple Future has two different forms in
English: "will" and "be going to." Although
the two forms can sometimes be used
interchangeably, they often express two
very different meanings.
Use "Will" to Express a Voluntary
Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do

something voluntarily. A voluntary action is
one the speaker offers to do for someone
else. Often, we use "will" to respond to
someone else's complaint or request for
help.

I will translate the email, so Mr.

Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy
table?
 Use "Will" to Express a Promise/threat

 I will call you when I arrive.

 If I am elected President of the United States, I will make
sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.
 I will kill you one day.

 Use "Will" when you want to talk about future

facts or things you believe to be true about the
future.

The President will serve for four years.

The boss won't be very happy.
I'm sure you'll like her.
If you are not so certain about the
future, use 'will' with expressions such
as 'probably', 'possibly', 'I think', 'I
hope'.
I hope you'll visit me in my home one day.
She'll probably be a great success.
I'll possibly come but I may not get back in
time.

Use 'will' for a scheduled event

The train will leave at 3.00 pm
The match will start at 5.00 am
 Use "Be going to" to Express a Plan

 "Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It

expresses the idea that a person intends to do something
in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is
realistic or not.
 He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
 She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
 A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?

 Use 'going to' if you are making a future

prediction based on evidence in the present
situation.

 Not a cloud in the sky. It's going to be another warm day.

 Look at the queue. We're not going to get in for hours.
 The traffic is terrible. We're going to miss our flight.
At the moment of making a decision,
use 'will'. Once you have made the
decision, talk about it using 'going to'.

I'll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need

Jenny's number. I'm going to call her about
the meeting.
I'll come and have a drink with you but I
must let Harry know. Harry, I'm going to have
a drink with Simon.
 When you talk about something which is
about to happen, use going to.
E.g., look out! You are going to fall.
 Rewrite each sentence or question with GOING TO:
 Joe plans to buy a new computer next year.
 … Joe is going to buy a new computer next year..
 We don’t plan to play tennis this weekend.
 …………………………………………………………………………………
 Does Nick plan to join the sports club?
 …………………………………………………………………………………
 What are your plans for next summer?
 …………………………………………………………………………………
 Look! That tree is about to fall over!
 …………………………………………………………………………………
 Do you plan to work hard this year?
 ………………………………………………………………………………
The Past Perfect simple
 Forms:
After I had revealed the news, I felt much better.
When I came, she had already gone.
She said she hadn't met him before.

 Use:

 For
things that had already happened before an action
took place in the past.

 The play had already finished when I arrived at the cinema.

 When I arrived to the airport, I realized I had forgotten my
passport.
 I had no idea because nobody had informed me about it.

 key words: when, after, as soon as

In reported speech: referring to things that
had happened before the time of
speaking/thinking.

Adam told me he had met Laura the day before.

 I thought I had seen that man somewhere
before.
 The judge asked me if I had witnessed the
murder.

In if-sentences, type III (impossible).

The dog wouldn’t have snapped at you if you hadn’t

teased it.
 If I had known myself, I would have told you.
A/ Combine the following sentences by using AFTER /
BEFORE:

 My mother took her umbrella. She went out.

 …………………………………………………………………………
 Frank called me. I went to school.
 …………………………………………………………………………
 I washed the dishes. I watched TV.
 …………………………………………………………………………
 She washed her hands. She had lunch.
 …………………………………………………………………………
 The boys bought a ball. They played football.
 …………………………………………………………………………
Past Perfect Continuous

 Forms:
She was tired because she had been running all day.

 She had been wandering around for some time

before she asked someone the way.

 Use:
For longer actions that had begun before a given
time in the past and that were still going on at
this given time.

[The past perfect continuous relates to the past just as

the present perfect continuous relates to the present.]
When I arrived she had already been
waiting for three hours.

[she had begun waiting three hours before

and she was still waiting when I arrived]
A) Answer the following questions

 1. What had you done before you finished

homework?
……………………………………………………………
 2. What had you done before you slept
yesterday?
……………………………………………………………
 3. What had you done before you got to
university?
……………………………………………………………
 4. What had you done before you had breakfast?
……………………………………………………………
B) Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

 I was tired because I ………………………………………….

(type) for a long time.
 Her boss was very angry with her because she
…………………………………………. (come) to work very late.
 I didn’t know about the earthquake because I
……………………………………… (not / watch) television.
 She was too fat because she
…………………………………………….. (not / keep) her
doctor’s advice.
 I took my car to the garage because the brakes
……………………………………………. (not / work).
 She had to go to the dentist because she
………………………………………. (not / clean) her teeth.
Future continuous
(will be + ‘ing’ form)
Michael will be running a marathon this
Saturday.
Don’t ring at 8 o’clock. I’ll be watching Who
Wants to be a Millionaire.
This time tomorrow we’ll be sitting on the
beach. I can’t wait!
At five o’clock, I will be meeting with the
management about my raise.

1. We use the future continuous to talk

about something that will be in
progress at or around a time in the
future.
Don’t phone grandma now, she’ll be having
dinner.

The kids are very quiet. They’ll be doing

something wrong, I know it!

2. These sentences are not about the

future but we can use the future
continuous to talk about what we
assume is happening at the moment.
 A) Make sentences with WILL BE –ING:

 I’m going to watch television from 9 until 10 o’clock this evening.

 So at 9.30 I ……………………………………………………………………..
 Tomorrow afternoon I’m going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until
4.30.
 So at 4 o’clock tomorrow I
……………………………………………………..
 Jim is going to study from 7 o’clock until 10 o’clock this evening.
 So at 8.30 this evening he
………………………………………………………
 We are going to clean the flat tomorrow. It will take from 9 until
11 o’clock.
 So at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning
……………………………………………
 Tom is a football fan and there is a football match on television
this evening. The match begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.15.
 So at 8.30 this evening
…………………………………………………………
 B) Ask questions with WILL YOU BE –ING?
 You want to borrow your friend’s bicycle this
evening.
 (you / use / your bicycle this evening?)
 ……………………………………………………………
 You want your friend to give Tom a message
this afternoon.
 (you / see / Tom this afternoon?)
 ……………………………………………………………
 You want to use your friend’s typewriter
tomorrow evening.
 (you / use / your typewriter tomorrow
evening?)
 ……………………………………………………………
 Your friend is going shopping. You want him/her
Future Perfect

(will have + past participle)

We use the future perfect to say that

something will be finished by a
particular time in the future.

Do you think you will have finished it by next

Thursday?

In 5 years time I’ll have finished university

and I’ll be able to earn some money at last.
We often use the future perfect with ‘by’ or ‘in’

I think astronauts will have landed on Mars by

the year 2020.
I’ll have finished in an hour and then you can use
the computer.

‘By’ means ‘not later than a particular time’

and ‘in’ means 'within a period of time’. We
don’t know exactly when something will finish.

I promise I’ll have done all the work by next

Saturday.
We don’t know exactly when he will finish the
work – maybe Thursday, maybe Friday – but
 Use FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:

 By next February I ……………………………………………… (write)

my third book.
 I hope you ……………………………………………. (not / forget) my
name by tomorrow.
 By next week we ……………………………………………..
(redecorate) the house.
 Next July she …………………………………………… (be) travelled
for ten years.
 I hope I ……………………………………………… (not / make) a lot
of mistakes in this exam when I finish it.
 By the end of this year I …………………………………………
(drive) more than one hundred thousand kilometers with this
car.
 I hope it ……………………………………………. (stop) raining
before the match starts.
 I ……………………………………………. (have) an operation when
you turn back.
Future Perfect Continuous

Basic form
Subject + WILL HAVE BEEN + Verb + ing
Examples
 By the next year, I will have been working as a
teacher for 30 years.
 We will be making a rest stop in half an hour,
because you will have been driving the car for 6
hours by then.

We use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to

express situations that will last for a specified period
of time at a definite moment in the future. We also
use this tense to express certainty about the cause
of some future situation.
 Use
Duration at a definite moment in the future
Cause of a future situation
 USE 1: Duration
 We use this tense to express situations that will last
for a specified period of time at a definite moment
in the future. It is important that we expect these
situations to last longer.

Before they come, we will have been cleaning the

house for 5 hours.
By the next year, Ben and his wife will have been
living together for 50 years.

[ By the next month, I will have been saving money

for a new house for 4 years]
Common Time Expressions
 Time expressions that are commonly used with the
Future Perfect Continuous:
By tomorrow / 8 o'clock
This year / month / week
Next year / month / week

 USE 2: Cause
English speakers also use this tense when they want to
express certainty about the cause of some future
situation.

By this time, he will have been working for 12 hours, so

he will be very tired.
We will be making a rest stop in half an hour, because you
will have been driving the car for 6 hours by then.
 To live, future perfect continuous tense

Negative
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Interrogative

I will have been I won't have been Will I have been Won't I have been
living living living? living?

You will have been You won't have Will you have been Won't you have
living been living living? been living?

He will have been He won't have been Will he have been Won't he have been
living living living? living?

We will have been We won't have been Will we have been Won't we have been
living living living? living?

They will have They won't have Will they have been Won't they have
been living been living living? been living?
Note
If duration of an activity (e.g. "since April",
"for three hours") is unknown then the
Future Continuous should be used instead
of the Perfect Form.
Example:
I will be taking a bath.
I will have been taking a bath.
 Fill in the blanks using FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
TENSE:

 By the end of June I ……………………………………………….. (live)

in this flat for thirteen years.
 I ……………………………………………… (fly) to London for an
hour at this time tomorrow.
 At this time next week I ………………………………………………….
(work) for this company for 20 years.
 When the bell rings I ………………………………………………
(teach) for eight hours today.
 I …………………………………………………… (wear) these glasses
for five years next week.
 I ………………………………………………… (drive) this car for six
years tomorrow.
 At this time tomorrow I ………………………………………………..
(take) a test for an hour.
 At this time next year I ……………………………………………..
(have) a holiday in Antalya for a week.
Modals
1. can

Use Examples

ability to do sth. in the present (substitute

I can speak English.
form: to be able to)

permission to do sth. in the present (substitute

Can I go to the cinema?
form: to be allowed to)

Request Can you wait a moment, please?

Offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.

Suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?

Possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.

2. could

Use Examples

ability to do sth. in the past (substitute

I could speak English.
form: to be able to)

permission to do sth. in the past

I could go to the cinema.
(substitute form: to be allowed to)

polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?

polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?

polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.

polite suggestion * Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?

possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.

3. may

Use Examples

possibility It may rain today.

permission to do sth. in the present

May I go to the cinema?
(substitute form: to be allowed to)

polite suggestion May I help you?

 4. might

Use Examples

possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today.

hesitant offer * Might I help you?

 5. must

Use Examples

force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today.

deduction You must be tired.

advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
 6. must not/may not

Use Examples

You mustn't work on dad's computer.

prohibition (must is a little stronger)
You may not work on dad's computer.

7. need not

Use Examples

I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going

sth. is not necessary
to the restaurant tonight.
 8. shall
used instead of will in the 1st person8 8.

Use Examples

suggestion Shall I carry your bag?

9. ought to
simliar to should – ought to sounds a little less
subjective
Use Examples

advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.

You ought to switch off the light when you

obligation
leave the room.
10. will

Use Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite
Will you please shut the door?
than would)
prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.
promise I will stop smoking.
Can somebody drive me to the station? - I
spontaneous decision
will.
She's strange, she'll sit for hours without
Habits
talking.
11. should

Use Examples

You should drive carefully in bad

advice
weather.

You should switch off the light when

obligation
you leave the room.
12. would

Use Examples

wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?

Sometimes he would bring me some

habits in the past
flowers.
 A) Fill in the blanks with CAN or CAN’T:

 She is a small baby. She ……………….. eat meat, but she

………………… drink milk.
 That dress is not expensive. I …………………. buy it.
 A cat ………………. climb up a tree, but a dog
………………….. .
 I’m very tired today. I ……………………. clean my room.
 John is very short. He …………………… play basketball very
well.
 We are very hungry, so we …………………. eat a lot of
sandwiches.
 He is very fat. He …………………… run very fast.
 We …………………. sleep in the bedroom but we
………………… sleep in the bathroom.
 B) Fill in the blanks with CAN / CAN’T or MUST /
MUSTN’T:
 She is ill, so she ………………………. see the doctor.
 It’s raining heavily. You …………………… take your
umbrella.
 We ………………………………. (not / pick) the
flowers in the park.
 Mike is nine months old. He
……………………………… (not / eat) nuts.
 I am very tall. So I …………………… play basketball.
 I’m sorry but we ………………………………………….
(not / come) to your party tomorrow.
 You are speaking very quietly. I
………………………………….. (not / understand) you.
 …………………….. I use your phone?
 We …………………….. go to the bank today. We
 C) Use MUST / MUSTN’T / HAVE TO or (NOT)
HAVE TO:

 I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I

………………………………………work.
 Whatever you do, you ……………………. touch that
switch. It’s very dangerous.
 You ………………….. forget what I told you. It’s very
important.
 We ………………………………….. leave yet. We’ve got
plenty of time.
 Ann was feeling ill last night. She ……………………….
leave the party early.
 I ……………………….. go to the bank yesterday to get
some money.
 The windows are very dirty. I …………………….. clean
 E) Fill in the blanks with MUST (NOT) / CAN (NOT) /
(NOT) HAVE TO / NEEDN’T:
 You ………………….. park in that street. It is not permitted.
 Look at George. He is working very well. He …………………
be ill.
 There’s someone at the door. I’m expecting Paul. It
………………….. be Paul.
 Ali’s car is here. He …………………. be here.
 The baby is asleep. You ……………………….. shout.
 You’ve got plenty of time. You …………………………….. hurry.
 A: “Do you want me to wait for you?”
 B: “No, it’s OK. You …………………………….. wait.”
 I can’t get any answer from my telephone. It …………………..
be out of order.
 Ann stayed in bed this morning because she
……………………………….. go to work.
 Tom has just given me a letter to post. I ………………….
forget to post it.